Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005870
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发表时间：
2016-11
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Embley TM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dean P;Hirt RP;Embley TM
微孢子虫是严格的专性细胞内寄生虫，可感染多种真核生物，包括人类和经济上重要的鱼类和昆虫。在另一个真核细胞内生存和繁荣是一种非常特殊的生活方式，需要进化创新。基因组序列分析表明，微孢子虫丢失了大部分制造初级代谢物（例如氨基酸和核苷酸）所需的基因，而且它们制造三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的能力也很有限。由于如果没有蛋白质、DNA 和 RNA 生物合成所需的大量能量和核苷酸构件，微孢子虫就无法生长和复制，因此它们一定已经进化出从受感染的宿主细胞中窃取这些底物的方法。如果它们能做到这一点，基因组分析表明，微孢子虫具有有效使用和再生输入核苷酸所需的酶库。最近的功能研究表明，适应细胞内生活的一个关键创新是通过横向基因转移获得核苷酸转运（NTT）蛋白，这些蛋白现在以多个拷贝存在于所有微孢子虫基因组中。这些蛋白质在寄生虫表面表达，并允许微孢子虫从宿主窃取 ATP 和其他嘌呤核苷酸，用于能量和生物合成。然而，目前尚不清楚其他必需代谢物（例如嘧啶核苷酸）是如何获得的。转录组学和实验研究表明，微孢子虫可能会操纵宿主细胞代谢和细胞生物过程，以促进核苷酸合成并最大限度地发挥 ATP 和核苷酸输入的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们总结了有关微孢子虫如何利用其宿主获取生长和核酸代谢所需的能量和构建模块的最新基因组和功能数据，并确定了一些尚未解决的问题。
Microsporidia are strict obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of eukaryotes including humans and economically important fish and insects. Surviving and flourishing inside another eukaryotic cell is a very specialised lifestyle that requires evolutionary innovation. Genome sequence analyses show that microsporidia have lost most of the genes needed for making primary metabolites, such as amino acids and nucleotides, and also that they have only a limited capacity for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Since microsporidia cannot grow and replicate without the enormous amounts of energy and nucleotide building blocks needed for protein, DNA, and RNA biosynthesis, they must have evolved ways of stealing these substrates from the infected host cell. Providing they can do this, genome analyses suggest that microsporidia have the enzyme repertoire needed to use and regenerate the imported nucleotides efficiently. Recent functional studies suggest that a critical innovation for adapting to intracellular life was the acquisition by lateral gene transfer of nucleotide transport (NTT) proteins that are now present in multiple copies in all microsporidian genomes. These proteins are expressed on the parasite surface and allow microsporidia to steal ATP and other purine nucleotides for energy and biosynthesis from their host. However, it remains unclear how other essential metabolites, such as pyrimidine nucleotides, are acquired. Transcriptomic and experimental studies suggest that microsporidia might manipulate host cell metabolism and cell biological processes to promote nucleotide synthesis and to maximise the potential for ATP and nucleotide import. In this review, we summarise recent genomic and functional data relating to how microsporidia exploit their hosts for energy and building blocks needed for growth and nucleic acid metabolism and we identify some remaining outstanding questions.
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影响因子：
21.1
作者：
He, Yuan;Wang, Kan;Yan, Nieng
通讯作者：
Yan, Nieng
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Dolgikh, VV;Sokolova, JJ;Issi, IV
通讯作者：
Issi, IV
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Dziembowski, Andrzej;Lorentzen, Esben;Seraphin, Bertrand
通讯作者：
Seraphin, Bertrand
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Keeling PJ;Corradi N;Morrison HG;Haag KL;Ebert D;Weiss LM;Akiyoshi DE;Tzipori S
通讯作者：
Tzipori S
来自微孢子虫脑肠道的最小已知核基因组的完整序列。
影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Corradi, Nicolas;Pombert, Jean-Francois;Farinelli, Laurent;Didier, Elizabeth S.;Keeling, Patrick J.
通讯作者：
Keeling, Patrick J.