Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
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DOI：
10.1093/brain/awn099
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发表时间：
2008-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Manoach DS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thakkar KN;Polli FE;Joseph RM;Tuch DS;Hadjikhani N;Barton JJ;Manoach DS
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的特点是不灵活和重复的行为。反应监测涉及评估行为的后果，并作出调整，以优化结果。这一功能的缺陷，以及它所依赖的前扣带皮层（ACC）的异常，已被报道为自闭症障碍的促成因素。我们调查了反应监测期间ACC的结构和功能是否与ASD中的重复行为相关。我们在14名对照组和10名ASD参与者中使用快速呈现事件相关功能MRI比较了ACC激活与正确和错误的反accades。由于反应监测是ACC网络协调活动的产物，我们还研究了微结构的完整性的白色物质（WM）下，这个大脑区域使用扩散张量成像（DTI）的分数各向异性（FA）的措施，在12个控制和12个成人ASD参与者。ACC激活和FA进行了检查，与自闭症诊断访谈修订的限制和重复行为的评级。相对于对照组，ASD参与者：（i）在正确的试验中犯了更多的反跳跃错误，反应更快;（ii）显示在喙侧ACC（rACC）中错误和正确反应之间的辨别力降低，这主要是由于（iii）在正确试验中异常增加的激活和（iv）显示在ACC基础的WM中FA降低。在ASD（v）中，正确试验中激活增加和rACC WM中FA减少与重复行为的较高评级相关。这些发现表明ASD患者ACC的功能和结构异常可能导致重复行为。错误后的rACC活动被认为反映了对错误的情感评价。因此，对正确尝试的过度活跃的rACC反应可以被解释为一种误导性的情感信号，即某些事情是错误的，这可能会引发重复的纠正尝试。错误反应和正确反应之间的情感区分减少的另一个可能后果是，它可能会干扰优化结果的反应的强化。此外，dysconnection的ACC，建议减少FA，参与行为控制的区域可能会损害在线调制的响应速度，以优化性能（即速度准确性权衡），并增加错误的可能性。这些研究结果表明，在ASD中，ACC的结构和功能异常损害反应监测，从而有助于行为是刚性和重复的，而不是灵活的，对突发事件的反应。阐明ASD异常反应监测的机制和临床意义是进一步研究的一个富有成效的途径。
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by inflexible and repetitive behaviour. Response monitoring involves evaluating the consequences of behaviour and making adjustments to optimize outcomes. Deficiencies in this function, and abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on which it relies, have been reported as contributing factors to autistic disorders. We investigated whether ACC structure and function during response monitoring were associated with repetitive behaviour in ASD. We compared ACC activation to correct and erroneous antisaccades using rapid presentation event-related functional MRI in 14 control and ten ASD participants. Because response monitoring is the product of coordinated activity in ACC networks, we also examined the microstructural integrity of the white matter (WM) underlying this brain region using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) in 12 control and 12 adult ASD participants. ACC activation and FA were examined in relation to Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised ratings of restricted and repetitive behaviour. Relative to controls, ASD participants: (i) made more antisaccade errors and responded more quickly on correct trials; (ii) showed reduced discrimination between error and correct responses in rostral ACC (rACC), which was primarily due to (iii) abnormally increased activation on correct trials and (iv) showed reduced FA in WM underlying ACC. Finally, in ASD (v) increased activation on correct trials and reduced FA in rACC WM were related to higher ratings of repetitive behaviour. These findings demonstrate functional and structural abnormalities of the ACC in ASD that may contribute to repetitive behaviour. rACC activity following errors is thought to reflect affective appraisal of the error. Thus, the hyperactive rACC response to correct trials can be interpreted as a misleading affective signal that something is awry, which may trigger repetitive attempts at correction. Another possible consequence of reduced affective discrimination between error and correct responses is that it might interfere with the reinforcement of responses that optimize outcomes. Furthermore, dysconnection of the ACC, as suggested by reduced FA, to regions involved in behavioural control might impair on-line modulations of response speed to optimize performance (i.e. speed-accuracy trade-off) and increase error likelihood. These findings suggest that in ASD, structural and functional abnormalities of the ACC compromise response monitoring and thereby contribute to behaviour that is rigid and repetitive rather than flexible and responsive to contingencies. Illuminating the mechanisms and clinical significance of abnormal response monitoring in ASD represents a fruitful avenue for further research.
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