Why nature prevails over nurture in the making of the elite athlete.
Why nature prevails over nurture in the making of the elite athlete.
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为什么在精英运动员的培养中，先天因素胜过后天因素。
DOI：
10.1186/s12864-017-4190-8
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发表时间：
2017-11-14
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Pitsiladis Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Georgiades E;Klissouras V;Baulch J;Wang G;Pitsiladis Y
虽然先天（基因）和后天（环境）对精英运动成绩的影响仍然难以精确确定，但否认其中任何一个因素对成绩的影响都是没有根据的。人们普遍认为，无数因素的复杂相互作用才能将一个有天赋的运动员塑造成冠军。当今流行的观点是，理解人类精英的表现需要破译个体差异的两个主要来源，基因和环境。人们普遍认为，优秀的表现者具有很高的遗传潜力，通过艰苦和巨大的努力来实现。使用双胞胎模型的遗传力研究为解开导致复杂人类特征的遗传和环境因素提供了基础，并为检测精英运动表现的特定基因铺平了道路。然而，对人类精英表现至关重要的大多数表型的遗传率高于50%，但低于100%，这意味着环境也很重要。此外，个体差异不仅可以通过DNA序列变化对生物学和行为的影响来解释，还可以通过修饰基因表达影响表型的表观遗传变化来解释。尽管如此复杂，通过跨越近两个世纪的实验研究，压倒性的和不断积累的证据，在“先天”和“后天”的辩论中，使天平偏向自然。换句话说，真正的精英级运动员是由那些天生具有天赋的人培养出来的。
While the influence of nature (genes) and nurture (environment) on elite sporting performance remains difficult to precisely determine, the dismissal of either as a contributing factor to performance is unwarranted. It is accepted that a complex interaction of a combination of innumerable factors may mold a talented athlete into a champion. The prevailing view today is that understanding elite human performance will require the deciphering of two major sources of individual differences, genes and the environment. It is widely accepted that superior performers are endowed with a high genetic potential actualised through hard and prodigious effort. Heritability studies using the twin model have provided the basis to disentangle genetic and environmental factors that contribute to complex human traits and have paved the way to the detection of specific genes for elite sport performance. Yet, the heritability for most phenotypes essential to elite human performance is above 50% but below 100%, meaning that the environment is also important. Furthermore, individual differences can potentially also be explained not only by the impact of DNA sequence variation on biology and behaviour, but also by the effects of epigenetic changes which affect phenotype by modifying gene expression. Despite this complexity, the overwhelming and accumulating evidence, amounted through experimental research spanning almost two centuries, tips the balance in favour of nature in the “nature” and “nurture” debate. In other words, truly elite-level athletes are built – but only from those born with innate ability.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Collins A;Hill LE;Chandramohan Y;Whitcomb D;Droste SK;Reul JM
通讯作者：
Reul JM
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
KLISSOUR.V
通讯作者：
KLISSOUR.V
DOI：
10.1097/00005768-199802000-00013
发表时间：
1998-02-01
期刊：
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bouchard, C;Daw, EW;Wilmore, JH
通讯作者：
Wilmore, JH
影响因子：
4
作者：
Gobet, Fernand;Campitelli, Guillermo
通讯作者：
Campitelli, Guillermo
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0500398102
发表时间：
2005-07-26
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fraga, MF;Ballestar, E;Esteller, M
通讯作者：
Esteller, M