Epidemiology and molecular relationships of Cryptosporidium spp. in people, primates, and livestock from Western Uganda.
Epidemiology and molecular relationships of Cryptosporidium spp. in people, primates, and livestock from Western Uganda.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0001597
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Goldberg TL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Salyer SJ;Gillespie TR;Rwego IB;Chapman CA;Goldberg TL
隐孢子虫是世界上最常见的寄生性病原体之一，是一种已知的人畜共患病。我们研究了乌干达基巴莱国家公园地区的人、牲畜和非人灵长类动物中的隐孢子虫。公园附近的土地使用变化导致了支离破碎的森林斑块，其中含有少量残余的野生灵长类动物，这些灵长类动物与当地人和牲畜密切互动。我们的目标是调查隐孢子虫感染的危险因素，并利用分子方法评估跨物种传播。诊断PCR显示隐孢子虫在人类中的患病率为32.4%，在非人类灵长类动物中为11.1%，在牲畜中为2.2%。就人类而言，居住在一个特定社区与感染风险增加有关，从开放水源取水也是如此。尽管48.5%的感染者报告了胃肠道症状，但在隐孢子虫检测阴性（44.7%）的人群中，这一频率没有显著差异，与贾第鞭毛虫合并感染也与胃肠道症状报告增加无关。感染者和未感染者或动物的粪便粘稠度没有差异。隐孢子虫卵囊壁蛋白基因的DNA序列将所有感染置于一个支持良好的C。parvum C.人类分支。然而，从公园保护区核心的灵长类动物中发现的仅有的两个序列属于一个不同的亚支，与已发表的C。parvum、小隐翅虫C. hominis和C. cuniculus，这表明一个单独的森林传播周期的可能性。 隐孢子虫可能经常在乌干达西部的物种之间传播，那里的人，牲畜和野生动物相互作用强烈，由于人为改变森林，但寄生虫可能会经历更多的宿主特异性传播，这种相互作用不会发生。该寄生虫似乎对人类或动物健康没有强烈影响，可能是因为持续的低水平脱落和免疫力。 隐孢子虫是一种常见的胃肠道寄生虫，以其潜在的人畜共患病而闻名。我们在乌干达基巴莱国家公园地区的32.4%的人、11.1%的非人灵长类动物和2.2%的牲畜中发现了隐孢子虫。在人群中，一个社区的感染率高于其他地方，从开放水源取水增加了感染的可能性。系统发育分析发现隐孢子虫集群与混合主机起源于人，灵长类动物和公园外的牲畜，然而，从公园内的灵长类动物的寄生虫在遗传上是不同的，这表明一个单独的森林传播周期。感染与人类临床疾病无关，即使在与胃肠道寄生虫贾第鞭毛虫合并感染的情况下。寄生虫，如隐孢子虫可能会保持通过频繁的跨物种传播在热带地区的人，牲畜和野生动物经常相互作用，但寄生虫可能会经历更多的主机特定的传播，这种相互作用不发生。持续的低水平脱落和免疫可能会限制感染在这种情况下的临床效果。
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common parasitic diarrheal agents in the world and is a known zoonosis. We studied Cryptosporidium in people, livestock, and non-human primates in the region of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Land use change near the park has resulted in fragmented forest patches containing small, remnant populations of wild primates that interact intensively with local people and livestock. Our goal was to investigate risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection and to assess cross-species transmission using molecular methods. Diagnostic PCR revealed a prevalence of Cryptosporidium of 32.4% in humans, 11.1% in non-human primates, and 2.2% in livestock. In the case of humans, residence in one particular community was associated with increased risk of infection, as was fetching water from an open water source. Although 48.5% of infected people reported gastrointestinal symptoms, this frequency was not significantly different in people who tested negative (44.7%) for Cryptosporidium, nor was co-infection with Giardia duodenalis associated with increased reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms. Fecal consistency was no different in infected versus uninfected people or animals. DNA sequences of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene placed all infections within a well-supported C. parvum/C. hominis clade. However, the only two sequences recovered from primates in the core of the park's protected area fell into a divergent sub-clade and were identical to published sequences from C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. cuniculus, suggesting the possibility of a separate sylvatic transmission cycle. Cryptosporidium may be transmitted frequently among species in western Uganda where people, livestock, and wildlife interact intensively as a result of anthropogenic changes to forests, but the parasite may undergo more host-specific transmission where such interactions do not occur. The parasite does not appear to have strong effects on human or animal health, perhaps because of persistent low-level shedding and immunity. Cryptosporidium is a common gastrointestinal parasite known for its zoonotic potential. We found Cryptosporidium in 32.4% of people, 11.1% of non-human primates, and 2.2% of livestock in the region of Kibale National Park, Uganda. In people, infection rates were higher in one community than elsewhere, and fetching water from an open water source increased the probability of infection. Phylogenetic analyses identified clusters of Cryptosporidium with mixed host origins in people, primates, and livestock outside the park; however, parasites from primates inside the park were genetically divergent, suggesting a separate sylvatic transmission cycle. Infection was not associated with clinical disease in people, even in the case of co-infection with the gastrointestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis. Parasites such as Cryptosporidium may be maintained through frequent cross-species transmission in tropical settings where people, livestock, and wildlife interact frequently, but the parasite may undergo more host-specific transmission where such interactions do not occur. Persistent low-level shedding and immunity may limit the clinical effects of infection in such settings.
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