Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results.

Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results.
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使用贝叶斯来最大程度地利用不重要的结果。

DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
3.8
通讯作者:
Dienes Z
Dienes Z
中科院分区:
心理学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dienes Z

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没有科学结论会自动从统计上不显著的结果中得出,但人们通常使用不显著的结果来指导关于理论状态(或实践有效性)的结论。要知道一个不显著的结果是否对一个理论有影响,或者它是否只是表明数据不敏感,研究人员必须使用以下之一:功效,区间(如置信区间或可信区间),或者一个理论相对于另一个理论的相对证据的指标,如贝叶斯因子。我认为贝叶斯因子允许理论以克服其他方法的弱点的方式与数据联系起来。具体来说,贝叶斯因子使用数据本身来确定它们在区分理论时的灵敏度(不像幂),并且它们利用理论预测的那些方面,这些方面通常是最容易指定的(不像幂和区间,它们需要指定最小感兴趣的值以解决理论)。贝叶斯因子提供了一种连贯的方法来确定非显著性结果是否支持理论上的零假设,或者数据是否只是不敏感。他们允许接受和拒绝零假设被放在平等的基础上。具体的例子表明了一个简单的在线贝叶斯计算器的应用范围,揭示了贝叶斯因子的优点和缺点。
No scientific conclusion follows automatically from a statistically non-significant result, yet people routinely use non-significant results to guide conclusions about the status of theories (or the effectiveness of practices). To know whether a non-significant result counts against a theory, or if it just indicates data insensitivity, researchers must use one of: power, intervals (such as confidence or credibility intervals), or else an indicator of the relative evidence for one theory over another, such as a Bayes factor. I argue Bayes factors allow theory to be linked to data in a way that overcomes the weaknesses of the other approaches. Specifically, Bayes factors use the data themselves to determine their sensitivity in distinguishing theories (unlike power), and they make use of those aspects of a theory’s predictions that are often easiest to specify (unlike power and intervals, which require specifying the minimal interesting value in order to address theory). Bayes factors provide a coherent approach to determining whether non-significant results support a null hypothesis over a theory, or whether the data are just insensitive. They allow accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis to be put on an equal footing. Concrete examples are provided to indicate the range of application of a simple online Bayes calculator, which reveal both the strengths and weaknesses of Bayes factors.
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