Mobility and kinship in the world's first village societies.
Mobility and kinship in the world's first village societies.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2209480119
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发表时间：
2023-01-24
影响因子：
11.1
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中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
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锶和氧同位素是在从觅食到耕作的过渡时期生活在西南亚的成年人身上测量的。跨越7000年的数据显示，在全新世早期和更新世晚期的小型狩猎采集社区内的当地合作伙伴交流有限的流动性。相反，后来的巨型遗址表现出更多的流动性和亲缘关系的混合模式，具有更大的遗传多样性和更多的非本地人移民到这些遗址。我们认为，这些数据表明，在农业出现之前，当地亲属关系实践中的关键因素更多地来自共同的意识形态和涉及虚构亲属的协会（例如，既不是血缘关系，也不是姻亲关系。亲属关系习俗的连续性和多样性表明，世界上最早的村庄包括独特的社会和生物亲属身份。大约1万年前，在西南亚，移动的生活方式的停止和新石器时代第一个村庄社区的出现标志着人类历史的根本变化。第一个社区很小（几十到几百人），但仍然是半定居的。不久之后出现了所谓的巨型遗址，被成千上万的定居居民占据。伴随着这种转变，物质文化和古代生态数据表明经济和社会行为发生了深刻的变化。从居住流动性向后勤流动性的转变以及人口规模的增加是显而易见的，这可以用生育率的变化和/或当地群体的聚集来解释。然而，随着sedentism的增加，小型早期社区可能会冒着近亲繁殖的风险，而不会维持或建立狩猎采集者典型的外婚制关系。在人口众多的特大城市，近亲结婚是可以持续的，因此可以避免这种风险。为了研究亲属关系在巨型遗址兴起中的作用，我们测量了7,000多年前埋葬在Pınarbaitzu，Boncuklu和Alkatalhöyük（土耳其）的99个人的牙釉质中的锶和氧同位素。这些地点在地理上很接近，而且关键的是，它们跨越了早期的久坐行为（Pınarbaidu和Boncuklu）和当地巨型遗址（Megasite）的兴起。我们的数据与Pınarbaitzu和Boncuklu只有当地人的存在是一致的，而在Ratalhöyük，有几个非本地人存在。在其他大型遗址中，生物考古学证据表明存在严格的内婚现象，而古阿塔霍尤克遗址的数据则与之形成了鲜明对比。这些不同的亲属关系行为表明，巨型遗址可能是通过采用独特的、社区特有的亲属关系实践而产生的。
Strontium and oxygen isotopes were measured for adults who lived in southwest Asia during the foraging-to-farming transition. Data spanning seven millennia show limited mobility during the early Holocene and local partner exchange within small hunter-gatherer communities in the late Pleistocene. Conversely, later megasites show more mixed patterns of mobility and kinship, with greater genetic diversity and more nonlocals immigrating to these sites. We argue that these data show that the key agents in local kinship practices prior to the emergence of farming were derived more from shared ideologies and associations involving fictive kin (e.g., neither consanguineous [blood] nor affinial [marriage-like] ties). Continuity and diversity in kinship practices suggest that the world’s first villages included unique social and biological kinship identities. Around 10,000 y ago in southwest Asia, the cessation of a mobile lifestyle and the emergence of the first village communities during the Neolithic marked a fundamental change in human history. The first communities were small (tens to hundreds of individuals) but remained semisedentary. So-called megasites appeared soon after, occupied by thousands of more sedentary inhabitants. Accompanying this shift, the material culture and ancient ecological data indicate profound changes in economic and social behavior. A shift from residential to logistical mobility and increasing population size are clear and can be explained by either changes in fertility and/or aggregation of local groups. However, as sedentism increased, small early communities likely risked inbreeding without maintaining or establishing exogamous relationships typical of hunter-gatherers. Megasites, where large populations would have made endogamy sustainable, could have avoided this risk. To examine the role of kinship practices in the rise of megasites, we measured strontium and oxygen isotopes in tooth enamel from 99 individuals buried at Pınarbaşı, Boncuklu, and Çatalhöyük (Turkey) over 7,000 y. These sites are geographically proximate and, critically, span both early sedentary behaviors (Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu) and the rise of a local megasite (Çatalhöyük). Our data are consistent with the presence of only local individuals at Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu, whereas at Çatalhöyük, several nonlocals are present. The Çatalhöyük data stand in contrast to other megasites where bioarchaeological evidence has pointed to strict endogamy. These different kinship behaviors suggest that megasites may have arisen by employing unique, community-specific kinship practices.
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影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Feldman, Michal;Fernandez-Dominguez, Eva;Krause, Johannes
通讯作者：
Krause, Johannes
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Bittles, A. H.;Black, M. L.
通讯作者：
Black, M. L.
影响因子：
1.6
作者：
Bogaard, A.;Henton, E.;Russell, N.
通讯作者：
Russell, N.
影响因子：
0.8
作者：
Baird, Douglas;Asouti, Eleni;Pirie, Anne
通讯作者：
Pirie, Anne
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1800163115
发表时间：
2018-04-03
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Baird, Douglas;Fairbairn, Andrew;Elliott, Sarah
通讯作者：
Elliott, Sarah