Carbon myopia: The urgent need for integrated social, economic and environmental action in the livestock sector.
Carbon myopia: The urgent need for integrated social, economic and environmental action in the livestock sector.
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DOI：
10.1111/gcb.15816
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发表时间：
2021-11
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Eckard, Richard John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harrison, Matthew Tom;Cullen, Brendan Richard;Mayberry, Dianne Elizabeth;Cowie, Annette Louise;Bilotto, Franco;Badgery, Warwick Brabazon;Liu, Ke;Davison, Thomas;Christie, Karen Michelle;Muleke, Albert;Eckard, Richard John
关键词：
长期以来，畜牧业一直是粮食生产系统不可或缺的一部分，这往往不是出于选择，而是出于需要。虽然我们对畜牧业温室气体 (GHG) 减排的认识不断发展，但普遍关注的焦点却是（有些短视）与减排相关的技术应用。在这里，我们（1）研究牲畜温室气体排放的全球分布，（2）探索与缓解干预措施相关的社会、经济和环境协同效益和权衡，以及（3）批评量化温室气体排放的方法。这篇评论揭示了许多见解。首先，虽然反刍牲畜的温室气体排放量在低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC；全球 66% 的排放量来自拉丁美洲和加勒比地区、东亚和东南亚以及南亚）最多，但大多数缓解战略是为发达国家设计的。未来十年全球肉类产量增长的 80% 将发生在中低收入国家，这一事实加剧了这一严重担忧。其次，很少有研究同时评估缓解措施的社会、经济和环境方面。在审查的 54 项干预措施中，只有 16 项具有三重底线效益且具有中高缓解潜力。第三，虽然旨在刺激采用减排（ER）和碳封存（CS）战略的努力将实现最大程度的净减排，但CS措施具有更大的潜在减排和协同效益。科学界必须将注意力从对碳的普遍短视转向更全面、基于系统的多指标方法，仔细考虑畜牧系统存在的理由。相应的生命周期评估和系统一致的“社会经济行星边界”提供了有用的起点，可以揭示杠杆点和跨尺度的新兴属性。协调一致的、全球一致的可持续发展指标的推导需要各级利益相关者之间的反复对话。更加重视多个可持续性维度的同时表征将有助于避免某一领域取得的进展导致其他领域出现适应不良结果的情况。全球畜牧业温室气体排放大部分发生在低收入和中等收入 (LMIC) 国家，但之前大多数温室气体减排干预措施都是为发达国家设计的。迫切需要整体系统方法来研究与温室气体减排相关的更广泛的环境、经济和社会协同效益和权衡。对于中低收入国家尤其如此，因为未来几十年畜牧产品需求增长的 80% 将发生在发展中国家。未来的温室气体减排研究应旨在检查多种可持续性指标，而不是孤立地关注碳。
Livestock have long been integral to food production systems, often not by choice but by need. While our knowledge of livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation has evolved, the prevailing focus has been—somewhat myopically—on technology applications associated with mitigation. Here, we (1) examine the global distribution of livestock GHG emissions, (2) explore social, economic and environmental co‐benefits and trade‐offs associated with mitigation interventions and (3) critique approaches for quantifying GHG emissions. This review uncovered many insights. First, while GHG emissions from ruminant livestock are greatest in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC; globally, 66% of emissions are produced by Latin America and the Caribbean, East and southeast Asia and south Asia), the majority of mitigation strategies are designed for developed countries. This serious concern is heightened by the fact that 80% of growth in global meat production over the next decade will occur in LMIC. Second, few studies concurrently assess social, economic and environmental aspects of mitigation. Of the 54 interventions reviewed, only 16 had triple‐bottom line benefit with medium–high mitigation potential. Third, while efforts designed to stimulate the adoption of strategies allowing both emissions reduction (ER) and carbon sequestration (CS) would achieve the greatest net emissions mitigation, CS measures have greater potential mitigation and co‐benefits. The scientific community must shift attention away from the prevailing myopic lens on carbon, towards more holistic, systems‐based, multi‐metric approaches that carefully consider the raison d'être for livestock systems. Consequential life cycle assessments and systems‐aligned ‘socio‐economic planetary boundaries’ offer useful starting points that may uncover leverage points and cross‐scale emergent properties. The derivation of harmonized, globally reconciled sustainability metrics requires iterative dialogue between stakeholders at all levels. Greater emphasis on the simultaneous characterization of multiple sustainability dimensions would help avoid situations where progress made in one area causes maladaptive outcomes in other areas. The majority of global livestock GHG emissions occur in low‐ and middle‐income (LMIC) countries, yet most previous GHG mitigation interventions have been designed for developed countries. There is an urgent need for holistic systems approaches for examining wider environmental, economic and social co‐benefits and trade‐offs associated with GHG emissions mitigation. This is particularly the case for LMIC, given 80% of the growth in demand for livestock products in the coming decades will occur in developing nations. Future GHG mitigation research should aim to examine multiple sustainability metrics, rather than focussing on carbon in isolation.
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