Field Study of Mammalian Behavioral Development

斑鬣狗，Crocuta crocuta，在哺乳动物中是独一无二的， 表现出雄性和雌性之间的许多行为差异 与正常哺乳动物的性别角色模式相反。 的 特别令人感兴趣的是，观察到女性远比男性多得多。 比男性更有攻击性，在社会上占主导地位。 Holekamp和Frank博士将进行为期3年的实地研究， 斑点鬣狗的行为发展 的目标 研究的目的是（1）记录婴儿的出现， 维持亚成年鬣狗的行为差异 男女之间的差异，（2）测试几个假设 提示促进这种二态性表达的因子 行为表现为扩散和优势相互作用。 研究 在马赛马拉，有一个大型的鬣狗“部落”， 肯尼亚国家保护区。 年龄、性别、亲属关系和社会关系 所有氏族成员身份都是已知的。 数据收集将 包括无线电遥测和四种行为采样协议： 扫描样本、局灶性动物观察结果、关键事件 样本，并在管理的标准化行为测试 研究中心。 该研究将在至少三个领域产生有用的信息。 方法：它将（1）提供关于行为的比较数据 没有其他社会性食肉动物的发展，（2） 便于解释在同期研究中获得的数据 行为内分泌学和圈养鬣狗的发育， （3）允许Holekamp和Frank博士与 圈养研究，以确定是否有任何相同的社会， 生态学和生理学变量 啮齿类动物行为的性别差异的发展， 灵长类动物也在这个物种中活动。

The spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, is unique among mammals in exhibiting many behavioral differences between males and females that are reversed from normal mammalian sex-role patterns. Of particular interest is the observation that females are far more aggressive than males, and socially dominant to them. Drs. Holekamp and Frank will carry out a 3-year field study of behavioral development in spotted hyenas. The objectives of the research are to (1) document the emergence in infants, and maintenance in sub-adult hyenas, of behavioral differences between males and females, and (2) test several hypotheses suggesting factors promoting expression of such dimorphic behaviors as dispersal and dominance interactions. The study animals comprise one large hyena "clan" in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Age, sex, kin relations, and social status are known for all clan members. Data collection will involve radio telemetry and four behavior-sampling protocols: scan samples, focal-animal observations, critical-incident samples, and standardized behavioral tests administered at the study site. The research will generate useful information in at least three ways: It will (1) provide comparative data on behavioral development available for no other social carnivores, (2) facilitate interpretation of data obtained in a concurrent study of behavioral endocrinology and development in captive hyenas, and (3) permit Drs. Holekamp and Frank, in conjunction with the captive study, to determine whether any of the same social, ecological, and physiological variables known to influence development of sex differences in behavior in rodents and primates also operate in this species.