Social Legitimation of Science in the Scientific Revolution

一场科学革命代表的不仅仅是推翻一个 科学理论或系统。 也代表 人权倡导者的权威地位被取代 旧的主张新的制度或理论。 在现代，我们看到 这是在分配研究赠款，邀请给 谈话等。有一些相当可悲的事情，例如， 众所周知的果蝇遗传学家，他的实验室不再有资金支持， 他们没有研究生了，他们没有旅行的机会， 向国际大会提供赠款。 这些流离失所者往往 科学家（或者更确切地说，科学家的理论已经被 流离失所）结束教学入门课程，或者，也许 更安全，历史和科学哲学课程在他们的 部门|不用说，对新理论的抵制， 它包含了社会和智力的成分。 下 这个基金，Biagioli博士正在研究这个社会和知识 这是现代科学发展初期的一个过程。 他是 完成了他对伽利略的职业生涯和战略的分析， 哥白尼主义和数学方法的合法性。 Biagioli博士发现学科等级制度的建立 在当时公认的学术体系下， 从属于哲学和神学。 因此，伽利略 需要提高他的社会和纪律地位， 使哥白尼天文学和数学物理学合法化。 然而，在这方面， 因为数学家无法获得更高的地位， 在大学里的哲学家们，伽利略把目光投向了别处。 他 职业生涯沿着社会职业升级的轨迹 从大学到法院（在那里他成为第一个 数学家获得“哲学家”的称号），最后 登陆新成立的科学院--和机构 在这种情况下，“新哲学家”可以规定他们的规则， 自己的游戏。 在这项资助下，Biagioli博士专门研究 伽利略在第一个科学机构， 学院dei Lincei，和合法化的战略， 哥白尼主义是他通过 机构。 这项工作不仅提供了一个具体的案例研究， 汇集了他已经开发的一系列分析。 此外，在更广泛的范围内，这项研究说明了战略， 社会和智力，倡导一种新的科学 系统必须使用，以取代他们的对手，并获得 获得支持其研究的来源。

A scientific revolution represents more than the overthrow of one scientific theory or system by another. It also represents the displacement from positions of authority of the advocates of the old by advocates new system or theory. In modern times, we see this in the dispensation of research grants, invitations to give talks, etc. There is something rather pathetic about, for example, the proverbial fruit fly geneticist whose lab is no longer funded, who has no more graduate students, and who doesn't get travel grants to the international congresses. Too often, these displaced scientists (or rather, scientists whose theories have been displaced) wind up teaching the introductory courses or, perhaps safer, the history and philosophy of science courses in their departments| Needless to say, the resistance to new theories thus carries with it a social as well as intellectual component. Under this grant, Dr. Biagioli is looking at this social and intellectual process as it developed at the start of modern science. He is completing his analysis of Galileo's career and strategies for the legitimation of Copernicanism and the mathematical method. Dr. Biagioli has found that disciplinary hierarchies established under the then accepted scholastic system held mathematics to be subordinate to philosophy and theology. Consequently, Galileo needed to increase his social and disciplinary status in order to legitimize Copernican astronomy and mathematical physics. However, as mathematicians could not obtain the higher status of philosophers within the university, Galileo looked elsewhere. His career traces a trajectory of socio-professional escalation away from the university toward the court (where he became the first mathematician to obtain the title of "philosopher"), finally landing in the newly created scientific academy--and institutions in which the "new philosophers" could dictate the rules of their own game. Under this grant, Dr. Biagioli is specifically studying Galileo's activity within the first scientific institution, the Accademia dei Lincei, and the strategies for the legitimation of Copernicanism he developed through the authority of that institution. This work offers not only a specific case study, but brings together a range of analyses that he has already developed. Further, on a broader scale, this study illustrates the strategies, both social and intellectual, which advocates of a new scientific system must use in order to displace their adversaries and gain access to sources of support for their research.