Poverty, Spatial Inequality, and the Changing Economic Status of Children

贫困、空间不平等和儿童经济地位的变化

• 批准号: 8921249
• 负责人: Daniel Lichter
• 金额: $ 4.5万
• 依托单位: Pennsylvania State Univ University Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1990
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1990-06-01 至 1992-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8921249&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Poverty; Spatial; Inequality; Changing; Economic

Children represent one of the most impoverished groups in America today, with roughly one fifth living in households with income below official poverty guidelines. Less well appreciated is that poverty rates among rural children are even higher. Unfortunately, poverty today is viewed as a fundamentally urban problem, which is reinforced by media attention to a highly visible urban "underclass" in the nation's cities. Our reliance on national statistics, which are heavily weighted in favor of urban areas, often masks the extent and causes of economic hardship in America's nonmetropolitan and rural areas. Drawing upon a variety of census and survey data, the primary objective of this research is to examine geographic variation or spatial inequality in the economic status of American children over the 1959-88 period. Specifically, this research seeks to identify the primary economic and demographic sources of area-to-area differences in the poverty status of American children. Is the rise in child poverty due to changing family structure and increases in female-headed households? Or, is child poverty located primarily in the deteriorating employment conditions experienced by children's parents? More important, how do these sources of economic hardship and inequality among children vary over time and geographic space? The common view that child poverty is located in changing family structure may be inappropriate for rural areas, where children typically live with both parents. In rural areas, the deteriorating economic status of rural children may instead be rooted primarily in the income-generating abilities of parents, which have been negatively affected during the 1980s by a stagnating rural economy. Clearly, an accurate understanding of spatial disparities in child poverty today requires some sensitivity to the alternatively reinforcing and counterbalancing effects of changing family structure and economic conditions in rural and urban areas.

儿童是世界上最贫困的群体之一， 今天的美国，大约有五分之一的人生活在家庭中， 收入低于官方贫困线。 不太为人所 令人赞赏的是，农村儿童的贫困率 更是 不幸的是，今天的贫困被视为 从根本上说，城市问题，这是加强了媒体 注意到一个高度可见的城市“下层阶级”， 国的城市。 我们依赖国家统计数据， 在城市地区占很大比重，往往掩盖了 美国经济困难的程度和原因 非大城市和农村地区。 利用各种 人口普查和调查数据，这项工作的主要目标 研究的目的是研究地理变异或空间 美国儿童经济地位的不平等 1959-88年期间。 具体来说，这项研究旨在确定主要的 地区间差异的经济和人口来源 美国儿童的贫困状况。 是不是 由于家庭结构的变化， 在女户主家庭中？ 或者，儿童贫困位于 主要是就业状况恶化 孩子的父母经历过什么 更重要的是，如何 这些经济困难和不平等的根源 儿童因时间和地理空间而异？ 共同 认为儿童贫困定位于变化的家庭 结构可能不适合农村地区， 孩子们通常与父母一起生活。 在农村地区， 农村儿童日益恶化的经济状况可能 相反，应主要立足于创收， 父母的能力受到了负面影响， 1980年代，农村经济停滞不前。 显然，一个 准确理解儿童的空间差异 今天的贫困需要对另一种选择有一定的敏感性。 家庭变化的强化和平衡效应 农村和城市地区的结构和经济条件。