Dynamics of International Environmental Cooperation

解决国际环境冲突是当前国际关系和外交政策议程上的一个重要议题。这个项目旨在分析管理这些问题的实际方式的趋势，旨在为改善国际环境外交动态的过程和理论和分析见解提供与政策相关的结论，以促进我们对当代国际关系的更广泛理解。这项研究将包括对六个不同的环境合作案例进行重点比较研究。分析将在解释环境保护合作的实质性内容和先决条件时，权衡国家权力平衡和专业知识的可用性的作用。它将使用访谈和档案研究来确定这些案件的主要动态。实质性的范围将包括控制欧洲酸雨的努力，保护北海、地中海、波罗的海，保护平流层臭氧层，以及联合国环境规划署的区域海洋方案，其中包括10个单独的区域。这些案例加在一起代表了当代国际环境问题的整个领域：所有国家相对平等地面临的问题（如臭氧）和以区域为基础的问题。此外，它还关注了各种情况，其中有强大的国家愿意领导谈判（如美国在臭氧问题上），而有大量相对同等强大的国家都不愿领导，在这种情况下，必须发现其他合作战略（如区域海洋计划和北海）。最后，它涵盖了科学理解相当完整并表明需要采取行动的案例（如波罗的海和北海）与缺乏科学政策基础的案例（如欧洲早年的酸雨和臭氧）的对比。通过考虑案例的所有这些维度，研究工作将寻求提供关于国家权力和广义知识在塑造和推动国际环境合作中的作用的一般性陈述。该项目将查明解决集体环境问题的主要动力，并就如何通过更成熟地认识到适合于管理具有不同分析性质的环境问题的外交和国际进程类型来改进这一进程提供有关政策的咨询意见。

The resolution of international environmental conflict is currently an important topic in international relations and on the foreign policy agenda. This project aims at analyzing trends in the actual ways in which such problems are managed, with an aim toward generating policy relevant conclusions for improving the process and theoretical and analytic insights into the dynamics of international environmental diplomacy to contribute to our broader understanding of contemporary international relations. The research will consist of a focussed, comparative study of six different cases of environmental cooperation. The analysis will weigh the role of the balance of state power and availability of expertise and knowledge in explaining the substantive content and preconditions for cooperation for environmental protection. It will use interviews and archival research to identify the major dynamics in these cases. The substantive coverage will include efforts to control European acid rain, the protection of the North Sea, Mediterranean, Baltic Sea, the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer, and the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme which includes 10 separate regions. Taken together these cases represent the entire universe of contemporary international environmental problems: those which confront all countries relatively equally (such as ozone), and those which are regionally based. Moreover it focuses on a variety of cases in which there are strong countries willing to lead negotiations (such as the United States in ozone), where there is a large number of relatively equally powerful countries all reluctant to lead, in which case alternative strategies for cooperation have to be uncovered (such as the Regional Seas Program and the North Sea). Finally, it covers cases in which scientific understanding is fairly complete and demonstrates the need for action (such as the Baltic and North Sea) contrasted with cases where the scientific basis for policy was absent (such as the early years of European acid rain and ozone). By considering all these dimensions of cases, the research effort will seek to offer general statements about the role of state power and generalized knowledge in shaping and driving international environmental cooperation. The project will identify the major dynamics by which collective environmental problems are resolved, along with policy relevant advice on how to improve the process through a more sophisticated recognition of types of diplomacy and international process appropriate to the management of environmental problems with different analytic properties.