Intellectual Capital and Its Commercialization: Institutional Context and Information Dilemmas in Biotechnology

在生物技术产业的早期发展中，生物技术公司的新背景被创造出来，加入了大学实验室，而与此同时，制药和化学公司的旧背景基本上被搁置一边。了解这些变化对于解释该行业未来的发展方向以及理解其他以科学为基础的工业发展的增长非常重要。扎克和布鲁尔建议研究和解释新生物技术公司的创建率和地理位置作为可用智力资本和公司和大学创始人双重成员的函数，以及新生物技术公司剥离的现象和科学知识保持公共或成为专利的程度。他们还建议将科学家的生产力建模为各种个人和背景因素的函数。他们将结合一些不同的数据库来获得信息，并利用结合部分似然法和多层次分析方法的创新建模技术。为了评估这些模型，必须收集详细的微观数据，以及关于进行个人级别科学发现和应用的组织、城市和区域的数据。这项研究的影响包括更好地理解发现/应用过程、体制背景对这一过程的影响、以及商业化和所有权压力增加所带来的知识流动的变化特征。

In the early development of the biotechnology industry, new contexts of biotechnology firms were created, joining the university lab, while at the same time old contexts of pharmaceutical and chemical firms were largely pushed aside. Understanding these changes is important to explaining where the industry may go in the future, as well as in understanding growth of other science-based industrial developments. Zucker and Brewer propose to study and explain the rate of founding and the geographic location of new biotechnology firms as a function of available intellectual capital and the dual membership of founders in firms and universities, as well as the phenomenon of new biotechnology firms spinoffs and the extent to which scientific knowledge remains public or becomes proprietary. They also propose to model the productivity of scientists as a function of a variety of individual and contextual factors. They will combine a number of different data bases to obtain information and make use of innovative modeling techniques that combine partial likelihood and multi-level analytical methods. To estimate these models, detailed micro-level data must be collected, as well as data on the organizations and cities and regions within which the individual-level scientific discovery and application takes place. Implications of this research include improved understanding of the discovery/application process, the effects of institutional context on that process, and the changing character of knowledge flow that follows from commercialization and the increase in proprietary pressures.