Intellectual Capital and Its Commercialization: Institutional Context and Information Dilemmas in Biotechnology

在生物技术产业的早期发展中， 创建了生物技术公司的环境，加入了 大学实验室，而在同一时间， 制药和化学公司基本上被排挤在外。 了解这些变化对于解释 行业未来可能会走，以及在理解增长 其他以科学为基础的工业发展。 Zucker和 布鲁尔建议研究和解释发现率和 新的生物技术公司的地理位置， 现有的知识资本和双重成员资格， 公司和大学的创始人，以及 新的生物技术公司的副产品，以及在何种程度上， 科学知识要么是公共的，要么是专有的。 他们 还建议将科学家的生产力模型作为一个 各种个人和背景因素的作用。 他们 将联合收割机结合一些不同的数据库， 信息，并利用创新的建模技术， 联合收割机的部分似然和多层次分析方法相结合。 为了估计这些模型，必须获得详细的微观数据。 收集的数据，以及有关组织和城市的数据， 个人层面的科学发现 并进行应用。 本研究的意义 包括对发现/应用程序的更好理解 制度环境对这一过程的影响， 以及知识流动的变化特征， 商业化和专利压力的增加。

In the early development of the biotechnology industry, new contexts of biotechnology firms were created, joining the university lab, while at the same time old contexts of pharmaceutical and chemical firms were largely pushed aside. Understanding these changes is important to explaining where the industry may go in the future, as well as in understanding growth of other science-based industrial developments. Zucker and Brewer propose to study and explain the rate of founding and the geographic location of new biotechnology firms as a function of available intellectual capital and the dual membership of founders in firms and universities, as well as the phenomenon of new biotechnology firms spinoffs and the extent to which scientific knowledge remains public or becomes proprietary. They also propose to model the productivity of scientists as a function of a variety of individual and contextual factors. They will combine a number of different data bases to obtain information and make use of innovative modeling techniques that combine partial likelihood and multi-level analytical methods. To estimate these models, detailed micro-level data must be collected, as well as data on the organizations and cities and regions within which the individual-level scientific discovery and application takes place. Implications of this research include improved understanding of the discovery/application process, the effects of institutional context on that process, and the changing character of knowledge flow that follows from commercialization and the increase in proprietary pressures.