Processes of Social Referencing

社会参考过程

• 批准号: 9109634
• 负责人: Tedra Walden
• 金额: $ 19.1万
• 依托单位: Vanderbilt University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1991-07-15 至 1995-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9109634&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Processes; Social; Referencing

Infants and young children are active information processors and they seek information that they can use in deciding how to behave in a variety of situations, particularly those that are novel or stressful. One source of information to which even young children learn to pay attention is the behavior of other people, particularly emotional reactions to events as they occur. That is, other people's reactions are an important source of information about hazards and opportunities in the world. By the end of the first year of life infants notice and base their behavior partly on reactions communicated to them by other people. This series of studies will investigate processes of social referencing and their development in infants and young children. Social referencing refers to the use of another's interpretation of an event as basis for forming one's own interpretation of the meaning of that event and as a basis for subsequent responses to that event. Specifically, this program of research will follow-up findings obtained in my previous work which indicated that some children did not show behavior regulation in response to parental affective communications; and that this effect was associated with parental contingency, an issue in the timing of information. The effect of contingency is proposed to operate via infant attention, with noncontingent messages occurring in nonoptimal state of attention with regard to linking the message with the intended referent. Projects will 1) investigate the development of infant attention and link social referencing outcomes with messages received in optimal and nonoptimal state of attention, 2) experimentally manipulate the occurrence of parental messages to occur in optimal and nonoptimal state of attention, and 3) investigate the contribution of infant affect prior to and during receipt of parental messages to social referencing outcomes. These projects will contribute to our understanding of processes that underlie social referencing and facilitate or inhibit the transmission of social influence the transmission of social influence from one person to another. Thus, they will add to our knowledge of how this significant form of social information is communicated to and used by very young children in dealing with events.

婴幼儿是活跃的信息处理者， 他们寻求信息，他们可以用来决定如何行为， 在各种情况下，特别是那些新的或 压力很大 一个信息来源，即使是年轻人， 孩子学会注意的是别人的行为， 尤其是当事件发生时的情绪反应。 的 其他人的反应是一个重要的来源 关于世界上的危险和机会的信息。 由 婴儿一岁结束时， 行为部分取决于他人传达给他们的反应 人 这一系列的研究将调查的过程， 社会参照及其在婴幼儿中的发展 孩子 社会参照指的是使用他人的 对某一事件的解释作为形成自己观点的基础 解释该事件的意义，并作为基础， 对该事件的后续反应。 具体而言，该方案 研究的后续工作将在我以前的工作中获得的结果 这表明有些孩子没有表现出 对父母情感交流的调节;以及 这种影响与父母的偶然性有关，一个 信息的时间问题。 偶然性的影响是 建议通过婴儿的注意力来操作， 在非最佳注意状态下发生的消息， 将信息与所指对象联系起来。 项目将 1)调查婴儿注意力的发展和联系 社会参考结果， 注意力的非最佳状态，2）实验性地操纵 父母消息的出现发生在最佳和 注意力的非最佳状态，和3）调查 在收到之前和期间， 父母的信息到社会参照的结果。 这些项目 将有助于我们理解 社会参照，促进或抑制 社会影响力社会影响力的传播从一个 一个人对另一个人。 他们将使我们知道， 这种重要的社会信息形式被传达给 被非常小的孩子用来处理事件。