Near-Wall Lift and its Role in the Survival of Limpets and Keyhole Limpets

所有生物都生活在流体介质中（空气或 水），因此受到流体物理学的影响。 在 特别是，所有的植物和动物都遇到流体动力学 可能伤害或驱逐生物体的力， 从而对其生存产生不利影响，在许多情况下， 流体动力被认为是选择性的 身体形态进化的因素。 这些力量的各个方面 (e.g.,拖曳底栖生物，提升鸟类的翅膀 昆虫）已经被广泛研究，我们的 了解它们的机制是一个重要的工具， 解释这些群体的生态和进化。 尽管流体动力的重要性，一个共同的 力，近墙电梯，已经逃脱注意。 近墙电梯是 可能是许多底栖生物死亡的一个重要原因 海洋动物 例如，帽贝和钥匙孔帽贝 经常在水动力的作用下死亡， 到目前为止，壁升力是作用在它们上的最大的力。 然而，在这方面， 近壁升力及其与物体相互作用机理 形式从来没有被检查过，也没有被很好地理解。 丹尼博士的这些研究有三个主要目标： (1)了解近壁抬升的机理， 为探索其作为一个资源来源的作用提供坚实的基础， 帽贝和匙孔帽贝的死亡率。 (2)测量 帽盖和匙孔帽盖的强度分布，从而 允许对死亡率进行定量预测， 作为当地波浪状态的函数。(3)定量 预测壁面举升的选择性优劣， 作为选择性死亡的代理人。 因此，这 研究提供了一种定量的实验工具， 探索流体动力学的作用， 群落生态学、种群生物学和 身体形态的进化。

All organisms live in a fluid medium (either air or water), and are therefore subject to the physics of fluids. In particular, all plants and animals encounter fluid-dynamic forces that can potentially injure or dislodge the organism, thereby adversely affecting its survival, and in many cases fluid-dynamic forces are thought to have acted as selective factors in the evolution of body form. Aspects of these forces (e.g., drag on benthic organisms, lift on the wings of birds and insects) have been extensively studied, and our understanding of their mechanism has been an important tool in interpreting the ecology and evolution of these groups. Despite the importance of fluid-dynamic forces, one common force, near-wall lift, has escaped notice. Near-wall lift is likely to be an important source of mortality in many benthic marine animals. For instance, limpets and keyhole limpets are often killed when dislodge by hydrodynamic forces, and near- wall lift is by far the largest force acting on them. However, the mechanism of near-wall lift and its interaction with body form have never ben examined and are not well understood. These investigations by Dr. Denny have three major goals: (1) To understand the mechanism of near-wall-lift and thereby to provide a firm basis for exploring its role as a source of mortality in limpets and keyhole limpets. (2) To measure the strength distribution of limpets and keyhole limpets, thereby allowing for the quantitative prediction of rates of mortality as a function of the local wave regime. (3) To quantitatively predict the selective advantage or disadvantage in wall lift to act as an agent of selective mortality. As such, this research provides a quantitative, experimental tool for exploring the role fluid-dynamic forces play at the crucial nexus of community ecology, population biology, and the evolution of body form.