An Evaluation of the Desirability of Evidentiary Procedures for Identifying Carcinogens

致癌物鉴定证据程序的可取性评估

• 批准号: 9310795
• 负责人: Carl Cranor
• 金额: $ 7.79万
• 依托单位: University of California-Riverside
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1994-09-01 至 1996-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9310795&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Evaluation; Desirability; Evidentiary; Procedures; Identifying

9310795 Cranor This study will examine scientific and ethical parameters in decision procedures for identifying carcinogens. It involves philosophic and scientific examination of the desirability of various carcinogen identification procedures. The focus of the project is on substances that have been introduced into commerce as products or into the environment as by-products of production without having been subjected to extensive toxicity testing, where a governmental burden of proof must be satisfied before they could be removed from commerce. The desirability of imperfect institutional procedures for identifying carcinogens is a complex function of their accuracy, their rate, their costs, and the social costs of evidentiary mistakes. The philosophical research in the project will assess the social costs of mistakes and their relative importance and develop a philosophic rationale and a model to assess the desirability of different procedures. The investigation will consider ways to vary relevant parameters so as to contextualize the ethical questions. For instance, costs of mistakes may be a function of size of exposed population, its age, or whether it can consent to the risk. Costs may include social as well as biological costs, factors such as perceptions of risk and social distrust. Scientific research, augmenting the philosophical, will evaluate the accuracy, rate, and costs of the identification procedures, and will be incorporated into the overall evaluation and model. It will use identified carcinogens as a reference class, comparing standard hazard identification procedures with alternatives that are being currently used, developed, or considered. Results from the research will be published in journals and reported at conferences and professional meetings. ***

9310795 Cranor本研究将检查用于识别致癌物的决策程序中的科学和伦理参数。 它涉及 对各种致癌物鉴定程序的可取性进行哲学和科学的审查。 该项目的重点是作为产品进入商业或作为生产副产品进入环境的物质，这些物质未经广泛的毒性测试，政府必须履行举证责任，才能将其从商业中消除。 鉴定致癌物的不完善制度程序的可取性是其准确性、速度、成本和证据错误的社会成本的复杂函数。 该项目的哲学研究将评估错误的社会成本及其相对重要性，并开发一个哲学原理和模型来评估不同程序的可取性。 调查将考虑改变相关参数的方法，以便将伦理问题纳入背景。 例如，错误的成本可能是受影响人群的规模、年龄或是否同意风险的函数。 成本可能包括社会成本和生物成本，以及对风险和社会不信任的看法等因素。 科学研究，增加了哲学，将评估的准确性，速度和成本的识别程序，并将纳入整体评估和模型。 它将使用已确定的致癌物作为参考类别，将标准危害识别程序与目前正在使用、开发或考虑的替代品进行比较。 研究结果将发表在期刊上，并在会议和专业会议上报告。 ***