Enduring Rivalries

小行星9312742 历史学家通常批评行为模式的研究是“非历史的”，并抱怨这些研究将一组完全不同的事件混为一谈，而不考虑历史背景。 这项调查始于一个简单的观察，即许多战争都涉及同一组国家，如印度和巴基斯坦，或以色列及其阿拉伯邻国。 印度和巴基斯坦在过去的45年里打了三场战争，第一场战争的结果可以说对随后战争的发生和时间产生了强烈的影响。 同样，自1948年以来，以色列和阿拉伯国家已经四次发生领土冲突。 从这些例子来看，应该在以往冲突的历史背景下看待一场冲突的主张似乎是合理的。 研究人员建议调查如何持久的竞争环境相互作用，是权力关系和系统结构的原因，是权力关系和系统结构的效果。 因此，他们关心的是持久的竞争如何开始，何时升级为战争，如何结束，以及国家决策者可以操纵哪些影响持久竞争的因素。 鉴于持久对抗在国际体系中的重要性，本项目调查了1816-1986年期间的45个持久对抗。 几个主要的主题贯穿于这个研究项目：1）持久的竞争的概念强调国际冲突的空间和时间的相互联系，2）持久的竞争有一个“生命周期”-他们开始，发展和死亡，和3）国家级和二元过程与系统级的现象相互作用。 具体来说，研究人员解决了以下问题：1）持久的竞争是如何开始的？ 他们着眼于国家如何陷入反复发生的冲突，而不是那些能够迅速有效地解决分歧的国家; 2）持久的竞争如何结束？ 他们关心的是持久的竞争何时结束以及结束的条件（和平或暴力）; 3）持久竞争的动力是什么？ 这里的具体焦点是了解竞争中的战争的时间以及持久竞争中的冲突如何受到过去（和未来前景）冲突和结果的影响;以及，4）持久竞争对其他冲突有什么影响？ 在这里，他们研究了一个持久的竞争对手的关系，以及冲突的倾向，与其他国家是如何受到他们参与激烈竞争的影响的（例如，冷战对美国与其他国家的关系有什么影响？

9312742 Goertz Historians commonly criticize studies in a behavioral mode as being "ahistorical" and complain that these studies lump together a disparate group of events without regard for historical context. This investigation starts from the simple observation that many wars have involved the same set of states, such as India and Pakistan, or Israel and its Arab neighbors. India and Pakistan have fought three wars in the last forty-five years, with the outcomes of the first wars arguably having a strong influence on the occurrence and timing of the wars that followed. Similarly, Israel and Arab states have clashed over territory four times since 1948. From these examples, the proposition that one conflict should be viewed in the historical context of previous conflicts seems plausible. The researchers propose to investigate how the enduring rivalry context interacts with, is the cause of, and is the effect of power relationships and system structure. Thus, they are concerned with how enduring rivalries begin, when they escalate to war, how they end, and what factors affecting enduring rivalries are manipulable by national decision makers. Given the importance of enduring rivalries in the international system, this project investigates a total of forty-five enduring rivalries over the period 1816-1986. Several major themes run throughout this research project: 1) the concept of enduring rivalries emphasizes the interconnection of international conflict over space and time, 2) enduring rivalries have a "life cycle" - they begin, develop, and die, and 3) state-level and dyadic processes interact with system level phenomena. Specifically, the researchers address the following questions: 1) how do enduring rivalries begin? They look at how states become entangled in recurring conflict in contrast to those that are able to resolve their differences quickly and effectively; 2) how do enduring rivalries end? They are concerned with when enduring rivalri es are terminated and the conditions (peaceful or violent) surrounding that end; 3) what are the dynamics of enduring rivalries? The specific foci here are understanding the timing of war in rivalries as well as how conflict in enduring rivalries is influenced by past (and the prospect of future) conflict and outcomes; and, 4) what effect do enduring rivalries have on other conflict? Here, they look at how an enduring rival's relationships, and the propensity for conflict, with other states is affected by their participation in an intense competition (e.g., what effect did the Cold War have on U.S. relations with other states?)