The Incorporation of Scientific Causal Knowledge into the Law

将科学因果知识纳入法律

• 批准号: 9411006
• 负责人: Ronald Laymon
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Ohio State University Research Foundation -DO NOT USE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-01-01 至 1995-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9411006&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Incorporation; Scientific; Causal; Knowledge; into

9411006 Laymon The existence of causation is a central consideration in both civil and criminal law. In general, there exists legal responsibility or culpability only if there is a causal connection between defendants' behavior and alleged harms. Questions of causation also play a central role in science and technology. The overall aim of the proposed research is an analysis of the importation of causal knowledge from science and technology to the law. The major questions to be dealt with are: (1) what opportunities does the law provide for the incorporation of relevant scientific and technological causal knowledge, and (2) are these opportunities sufficient for the just resolution of legal controversy? In order to begin to answer such questions, the principal investigator will isolate the differing ways that value judgments are built into causal claims in the law. The presence of such value judgments should reflect itself in difficulties that the law has in the utilization of scientific causal knowledge. The analysis of these difficulties will allow the investigator to test a proposal of legal scholars to conceive the law as operating with an initial set of causal paradigms which have built in both objective and normative aspects. The problem for this approach is to determine the process whereby the initial set of causal paradigms gets applied as well as expanded or modified. The investigator does not believe in a unique and consistent set of fundamental principles that determines or controls this process. This belief is motivated by recent advances in the understanding of language, argumentation, and science. These advances, and changes in the law itself -- expansion in the kinds of causal claims made and the types of legal action now permitted -- make the situation ripe for reconsideration and analysis of the kind proposed. This phase of the research will result in one or more articles providing a detailed look at how probabilistic considerations affect the processes described above,and how a Bayesian approach can be brought to bear on the analysis. ***

9411006 Laymon因果关系的存在是民法和刑法的核心考虑因素。 一般来说，只有当被告的行为和所称的伤害之间存在因果关系时，才存在法律的责任或罪责。 因果关系问题在科学和技术中也起着核心作用。 拟议研究的总体目标是分析因果知识从科学技术到法律的输入。 要处理的主要问题是：（1）法律为相关的科学和技术因果知识的结合提供了哪些机会，（2）这些机会是否足以公正地解决法律的争议？ 为了开始回答这些问题，主要研究者将把价值判断构建到法律因果主张中的不同方式分离出来。 这种价值判断的存在应该反映在法律在利用科学因果知识方面遇到的困难中。 对这些困难的分析将使研究者能够检验法律的学者的一项提议，即把法律设想为在客观和规范两个方面都建立起来的一套最初的因果范式。 这种方法的问题是确定最初的因果范式被应用以及扩展或修改的过程。 研究者不相信有一套独特而一致的基本原则来决定或控制这一过程。 这一信念的动机是最近的进步，在理解语言，论证和科学。 这些进步，以及法律本身的变化-提出的因果关系主张的种类和现在允许的法律的行动的种类的扩大-使得重新考虑和分析所提出的那种情况的时机已经成熟。 这一阶段的研究将产生一篇或多篇文章，详细介绍如何 概率因素影响上述过程，以及贝叶斯方法如何影响分析。 ***