Constructing a Supranational Constitution: The Reception and Enforcement of European Community Law by National Courts

9412531 STONE本项目旨在描述和解释欧洲法律一体化的动态和机制，即欧洲共同体（EC）正在构建一个合法化和有效的超国家宪法的过程。这种法律整合为后殖民国家和新统一领土等政权的民主宪政发展提供了一种模式。这种制度的一个特点是法律多元化，这带来了与跨法律文化的法律整合、跨文化法律法规的执行以及新法律制度的合法化有关的严重问题。这项研究将为理解欧洲共同体的这些过程和制定解释性理论模型提供实证基础。该项目侧重于诉讼，因为正是通过私人索赔，批判理论才得以发展和实施。已经有证据表明，欧洲法院阐明的至尊原则和直接效力原则正在被各国法院应用于诉讼中。这一过程往往由利益集团等私人行为者主导，而不是由公共当局主导，它将在欧盟各成员国之间实现法律一体化。在不遵守的情况下，裁决的执行确实依赖于公共当局。因此，关键行为者包括私人诉讼当事人、国家法官和政府官员。数据将首先从国家法院关于欧共体法的判决中收集，其中宪法主义理论和直接效力存在争议，并从与之相关的学术评论中收集。然后，调查团将在每个国家法院会见涉及重要诉讼的法官和其他法律行为者。最后，PI将收集有关法律一体化和宪政在三个关键领域的政策影响的数据：环境政策、商品自由流动和性别平等。数据收集将包括追踪涉及对违反欧共体在这三个政策领域的规范的公共当局提出索赔的诉讼，并采访参与的政府官员、法官和利益集团诉讼当事人。＊＊＊

9412531 STONE This project seeks to describe and explain the dynamics and mechanics of European legal integration, the process by which the European Community (EC) is constructing a legitimized and effective supranational constitution. This kind of legal integration provides a model for the development of democratic constitutionalism in regimes such as post-colonial states and newly unified territories. A hallmark of such regimes is legal pluralism, which poses serious problems related to the integration of laws across legal cultures, the enforcement of cross-cultural legal codes, and the legitimation of new legal institutions. This research will provide the empirical basis for understanding these processes in the European Community and for formulating explanatory theoretical models. The project focuses on litigation because it is through private claims that the critical doctrines will evolve and be enforced. There is already evidence that the doctrines of supremacy and direct effect, enunciated by the European Court of Justice, are being applied by the national courts in litigation. It is this process, often dominated by private actors such as interest groups rather than by public authorities, that will bring about legal integration across the members of the European Union. Enforcement of rulings, in the event of non-compliance, does rely on public authorities. Therefore, the key actors include private litigants, national judges, and governmental officials. Data will be collected first from the national court decisions on EC law in which the doctrines of constitutionalism and direct effect are at issue, and from scholarly commentaries pertaining to them. The PI will then interview judges and other legal actors involved in important litigation at each of the national courts. Finally, the PI will gather data on the policy impact of legal integration and constitutionalism in three crucial areas: environmental policy, free movement of goods, and gend er equality. The data collection will include tracing litigation involving claims against public authorities for violating EC norms in these three policy areas, and interviewing the participating governmental officials, judges and interest group litigants. ***