Direct and Indirect Effects of Foliar Herbivory on Floral Traits, Insect Pollination, and Male and Female Plant Fitness

叶面食草对花卉性状、昆虫授粉以及雄性和雌性植物适应性的直接和间接影响

• 批准号: 9421009
• 负责人: Jeffrey Conner
• 金额: $ 7.1万
• 依托单位: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-06-15 至 1998-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9421009&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Direct; Indirect; Effects; Foliar; Herbivory

9407362 Strauss/Conner The main goal of this work is to examine how damage by herbivores affects both male plant fitness (number of seeds sired) and female fitness (number of seeds produced) simultaneously. Results from these experiments will contribute to several areas of controversy, and will provide a new angle to examining the relationships between plants, herbivores and pollinators. One controversy is how some plants seem to be able to compensate completely for herbivory in terms of plant fitness. Fitness has classically been estimated through seed production in plants, but the approach taken here will examine total plant fitness. Preliminary data suggest that plants may shift allocation from aspects of male fitness (pollen, nectar and petal production) to female fitness (seed production). Because of these shifts, plants may not truly compensate for leaf damage, since the number of seeds sired by damaged plants may be reduced, even if total seed number remains the same. This proposal also contributes to current theory by linking the processes involved with pollination to those with herbivory. For example, if damaged plants have lower fitness because they are less attractive to pollinators, then natural selection may act on plant response to damage. In particular, the needs of pollinators, either through rewards or through required cues, may shape how plants allocate resources for damage. The kinds of effective pollinator species and their needs may determine whether damaged plants produce fewer flowers of equal quality, or whether they produce as many flowers as undamaged plants, but some of lower quality (i.e., smaller, with fewer rewards). These are exciting new areas that merit further investigation. One goal of this work is to determine the degree to which male versus female fitness in plants is affected by herbivory to leaves. Many crop plants suffer reduced yield as a result of leaf damage. It is generally assumed that reduced yie ld in herbaceous crops is a result of fewer resources available to plants (through loss of leaf area) rather than the result of diminished pollination (although orchard growers have known for years of the importance of good pollination). results from this work may elucidate more clearly the mechanisms through which herbivory reduces yield. This research may indicate that for a given level of damage, crop quantity or quality could be better improved by increasing pollinator visitation rather than by reducing leaf area lost to herbivores. Spraying plants with pollinator attractants (e.g., products like "Bee Scent") may improve yield more than by spraying with pesticides, especially since pesticides can be toxic to beneficial insects. This research may suggest an alternative or supplement to pesticides.

小行星9407362 这项工作的主要目标是研究草食动物的损害如何影响雄性植物的适应性（繁殖的种子数量）和雌性植物的适应性（产生的种子数量）。 这些实验的结果将有助于几个领域的争议，并将提供一个新的角度来研究植物，食草动物和传粉者之间的关系。 一个争议是，一些植物似乎能够在植物适应性方面完全补偿食草动物。 健身已古典估计通过种子生产的植物，但这里采取的方法将检查总的植物健身。 初步数据表明，植物可能会转移分配方面的男性健身（花粉，花蜜和花瓣生产），女性健身（种子生产）。 由于这些变化，植物可能无法真正补偿叶片损伤，因为受损植物产生的种子数量可能减少，即使总种子数量保持不变。 这一建议也有助于目前的理论，将授粉过程与食草动物的过程联系起来。 例如，如果受损的植物由于对传粉者的吸引力降低而具有较低的适应性，那么自然选择可能会对植物对损害的反应起作用。 特别是，传粉者的需求，无论是通过奖励还是通过必要的线索，都可能影响植物如何分配资源以应对损害。 有效的传粉者物种的种类和它们的需求可以决定受损植物是否产生较少的同等质量的花，或者它们是否产生与未受损植物一样多的花，但是一些质量较低（即，更小，奖励更少）。 这些都是值得进一步研究的令人兴奋的新领域。 这项工作的一个目标是确定在何种程度上男性与女性的健身植物的影响，植食叶。 许多农作物由于叶片受损而减产。 一般认为，草本作物的产量下降是植物可用资源减少的结果（通过叶面积的损失），而不是授粉减少的结果（尽管果园种植者多年来一直知道良好授粉的重要性）。 这项工作的结果可以更清楚地阐明草食动物减产的机制。 这项研究可能表明，对于一个给定的损害水平，作物的数量或质量可以更好地提高传粉者访问，而不是通过减少叶面积损失的食草动物。 用传粉者引诱剂（例如， “蜂香”等产品）可能比喷洒杀虫剂更能提高产量，特别是因为杀虫剂对有益昆虫有毒。 这项研究可能会提出一种替代或补充农药。