Wage Trajectories in Occupations Segregated by Gender and Race

这是一项关于性别隔离和种族隔离工作的工资轨迹的研究，使用的数据来自全国青年纵向调查，1979年至1994年期间每年都有调查波，以及工人何时更换雇主的信息。 本研究评估是否有利的产业安置影响工资水平，并返回到资历在同一程度上的工作与所有种族和性别组成。 另一种假设是，在工资较高或工资轨迹较陡的情况下，工业溢价主要适用于主要由白色男性填补的工作。 如果这是真的，那么在工资较高的行业，性别和种族构成对工资的影响更大。 “新结构主义者”的理论认为，高工资行业和公司也有更陡峭的回报资历，因为工会谈判的资历为基础的加薪或内部劳动力市场。 然而，这一说法从未在具有资历措施的数据上得到过检验，也没有探讨过这种影响与性别和种族构成的可能相互作用。 目前的研究填补了这一关键空白。 %%% 这一人力资本项目的科学贡献包括评估：1）工作的性别和种族构成是否影响工资水平，比以往的研究更详细地衡量工作类别的构成; 2）工作的性别和种族构成影响工资增长与资历; 3）随着组织内资历的积累，高薪公司也提供更陡峭的工资增长; 4）工作的性别和种族构成与行业和公司的特点相互作用，例如，在起薪较高和资历回报较高的行业和组织中，溢价主要是由白色男性填补的; 5）近年来，随着经济结构的调整，行业或性别和种族构成的影响有所减弱或增强。 了解这些假设的真相将澄清个人和国家在多大程度上受到许多美国人技能和能力利用不足的影响。

This is a study of wage trajectories in sex-segregated and race-segregated jobs, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, with survey waves each year between 1979 and 1994, and information on when workers changed employers. This research assesses whether favorable industrial placement affects wage levels and returns to seniority to the same degree for jobs with all race and sex compositions. The alternative hypothesis is that industrial premiums, in higher wages or steeper wage trajectories, apply primarily to jobs filled largely by white males. If this is true, then the effects of sex and race composition on wages are greater in industries with higher wages. Theories of "new structuralists" posit that high-wage industries and firms also have steeper returns to seniority, because of union-negotiated seniority-based raises or internal labor markets. Yet the claim has never been tested on data with measures of seniority, nor has the possible interaction of such effects with sex and race composition been explored. The present research fills this crucial gap. %%% Scientific contributions of this Human Capital project include assessment of whether: 1) the sex and race composition of jobs affects wage levels, with composition measured for more detailed job categories than in previous research; 2) the sex and race composition of jobs affects wage growth with seniority; 3) higher paying firms also offer steeper wage growth as seniority within an organization accumulates; 4) the sex and race composition of jobs interacts with industry and firm characteristics such that premiums in industries and organizations with higher starting wages and higher returns to seniority accrue primarily to jobs filled by white males; and 5) effects of industry or sex and race composition have diminished or increased in recent years as the economy has restructured. Learning the truth concerning these hypotheses will clarify the extent to which both individuals and the nation suffer from the under -utilization of the skills and abilities of many Americans.