Cognitive Consequences of Emotion

技术摘要。本研究考察了积极情感状态和消极情感状态对判断和信息加工的影响。积极和消极情绪经常影响评价判断的过程。此外，积极的情感体验似乎也会导致个体将输入的信息同化到他们现有的情境概念中(自上而下的加工)，而消极的情感会使他们的概念适应于输入的信息(自下而上的加工)。这些影响将通过操纵积极和消极的情绪(例如，通过描述情感事件或观看情感电影)来检验，然后观察判断(例如，风险估计、喜好判断)和在不同认知任务中的表现(例如，赌博、印象形成、识别记忆)。实验将由一个框架指导，该框架整合了多位理论家的解释性假设。这项研究有四个具体目标：(1)解决客观和主观信息在判断中如何结合的问题；(2)确定在什么情况下不同的理论对情绪的认知结果做出准确预测；(3)检验个体在情绪注意方面的差异，以检验主观经验在这些现象中的中介作用；(4)确定积极的情绪在多大程度上导致主动而不是被动的信息同化。%项目调整。本研究考察了情绪对思维内容和过程的影响。先前的研究表明，一个人的情绪很容易影响一个人的评估和判断。最近的研究还表明，情绪会影响人们的思维方式。积极的情绪会刺激人们依赖自己的知识、信念和直觉，而温和的负面情绪则会让人们从表面上关注情况，进行分析，并进行新的学习。这些现象将通过诱导积极和消极的情绪来检验(通过要求参与者描述他们经历的情感事件或观看情感电影)。感兴趣的是情绪对判断(例如，风险估计、喜好判断)和各种任务表现(例如，赌博、形成对他人的印象、对先前看到的材料的记忆)的影响。对这些发现的不同解释将被测试，重点放在四个具体目标上：(1)了解人们如何将来自情绪的信息与来自现实世界的信息结合起来；(2)确定不同的理论何时对情绪影响做出准确预测；(3)检查人们在关注自己情绪的程度上的差异，以及这在这些现象中起到的作用；以及(4)确定人们在体验积极情绪时在多大程度上是积极的，而不是被动的思考者。

Technical Summary. This research examines the consequences of positive and negative affective states on judgment and information processing. Positive and negative moods frequently influence the process of evaluative judgment. In addition, experiencing positive affect also appears to lead individuals to assimilate incoming information to their existing conception of a situation (top down processing), whereas negative affect leads them to accommodate their conception to the incoming information (bottom-up processing). These effects will be examined by manipulating positive and negative moods (e.g., by describing emotional events or watching emotional films) and then observing judgment (e.g., risk estimates, liking judgments) and performance in diverse cognitive tasks (e.g., gambling, impression formation, recognition memory). Experiments will be guided by a framework integrating the explanatory hypotheses of multiple theorists. The research has four specific goals: (1) to resolve issues about how objective and subjective information combine in judgment, (2) to determine under what conditions different theories make accurate predictions about the cognitive consequences of mood, (3) to examine individual differences in attention to emotion to test predictions about the mediating role of subjective experience in these phenomena, and (4) to determine the extent to which positive affect results in active rather than passive assimilation of information. %%% Project Justification. This research examines the influence of emotional feelings on both the content and process of thought. Prior research shows that a person's mood can readily affect one's evaluations and judgments. More recent research also suggests that mood affects how people think. Positive feelings stimulate people to rely on their own knowledge, beliefs, and intuitions, whereas mildly negative feelings lead people to attend outwardly to the situation, to be analytical, and to engage in new learning. These phenomena will be examined by inducing positive and negative moods (by asking participants to describe emotional events they have experienced or to watch emotional films). Of interest is the influence of the emotions on judgment (e.g., risk estimates, liking judgments) and on performance on various tasks (e.g., gambling, forming impressions of others, memory for previously seen material). Different explanations for the findings will be tested, focusing on four specific goals: (1) to learn how people combine information from emotions with information from the real world, (2) to determine when the different theories make accurate predictions about emotional influences, (3) to examine differences among people in how much they pay attention to their emotions and how that plays a role in these phenomena, and (4) to determine the extent to which people are active rather than passive thinkers when experiencing positive emotion.