The Dynamic Development of Post-Insular Native American English Varieties

对美洲原住民英语变体的研究表明，这些变体可能结合了来自祖先美洲原住民语言的源语迁移、广义的顺应性中介语过程，甚至是更广泛的泛美国原住民英语变体的元素。尽管对美洲原住民英语变体的社会语言学研究已经形成了一个有限的传统，但这些变体的一些基本维度在很大程度上仍然被忽视。奇怪的是，关于美洲原住民英语变体最关键但被忽视的研究领域之一是这些变体可能采用或不采用当地方言规范的程度。这样的语言适应通常是同化的一个重要指标，并可能以微妙但必要的方式表明这些群体如何在社会语言和文化上定位自己。此外，对白话变体之间存在的社会语言边界的类型进行调查，特别是在三个民族的背景下，对于解决有关美国英语变体中民族语言边界的动态性质的中心问题至关重要。这项研究考察了北卡罗来纳州农村地区三个后岛国美洲原住民社区的语言变化和英语变异。北卡罗来纳州的Lumbee、Haliwa Saponi和Cherokee印第安人社区在以下方面代表了具有启发性的对比：(1)他们作为印第安人社区的公认地位，(2)他们历史上与周围社区的隔绝，以及(3)他们过去和现在的语言接触情况。因此，这些情况为比较种族群体如何在时间和空间上配置其社会语言身份提供了一个独特的实验室。在每个研究地点都进行了广泛的跨代社会语言学访谈，既有当地美洲原住民的访谈，也有来自相应接触类型的队列发言者的访谈。对出现的语料采用定性-描述性和定量-变异主义的分析模型，并通过对主观说话人辨认任务所获得的数据进行分析来补充对语言变异的客观分析。对比分析包括区域内和区域间两个维度，以确定社会语言边界的动态性质。此外，在各种语音情况下收集的数据将被用于检查发音器内的变异。这项研究试图在实证的基础上解释在语言接触环境中发现的语言顺应、变异和变化的原理和机制

Studies of Native American varieties of English indicate that these varieties may combine source language transfer from ancestral Native American languages, generalized adaptive interlanguage processes, and even the elements of a more expansive, pan Native American English variety. Although a limited tradition of sociolinguistic inquiry into Native American English varieties has now developed, some essential dimensions of these varieties remain largely ignored. Curiously, one of the most critical but neglected areas of study with respect to Native American varieties of English is the extent to which these varieties may or may not adopt local dialect norms. Such linguistic accommodation is often an important index of assimilation and may indicate in subtle but essential ways how such groups situate themselves sociolinguistically and culturally. Furthermore, the investigation of the types of sociolinguistic boundaries that exist between vernacular varieties, particularly in tri-ethnic contexts, is critical in addressing central issues concerning the dynamic nature of ethnolinguistic boundaries in American English varieties. This research examines language change and variation in the English of three post-insular Native American communities in rural North Carolina. The Lumbee, Haliwa Saponi, and Cherokee Native American communities of North Carolina represent instructive contrasts in terms of (1) their recognized status as Native Americans communities, (2) their historic isolation from surrounding communities, and (3) their past and present language contact situations. These situations thus offer a unique laboratory for comparing how ethnic groups configure their sociolinguistic identity over time and space. Extensive cross-generational sociolinguistic interviews are being conducted in each research site, both with local Native Americans and with cohort speakers from corresponding contact varieties. Qualitative-descriptive and quantitative-variationist analytical models are applied to the emerging data, and the objective analysis of language variation is complemented by the analysis of data obtained from subjective speaker identification tasks. The comparative analysis includes both intra- and inter-regional dimensions in order to determine the dynamic nature of sociolinguistic boundaries. In addition, data gathered in a variety of speech situations will be utilized in the examination of intraspeaker variation. The research seeks to explicate on an empirical basis the principles and mechanisms that account for language adaptation, variation and change found in language contact situations