Chemical and microphysical properties of natural cirrus and contrail cirrus

卷云通过捕获陆地辐射和反射太阳辐射直接影响地球气候，并通过改变对流层顶区域臭氧浓度的微量气体的非均匀处理间接影响地球气候。最近的实地、模型和实验室研究的有争议的结果促进了对冰晶中微量气体吸收及其对全球气候影响的积极辩论。悬而未决的问题仍然存在，例如冰晶中硝酸的吸收依赖于HNO3分压、反硝化和卷云对氯的活化。为此，我们将研制一种用于高空远程飞机HALO的化学电离四极杆质谱仪，用于探测对流层顶区域HNO3和HCl的浓度。机载仪器入口的颗粒破碎对先前微物理卷云和轨迹数据集的质量提出了质疑。为了克服这些问题，我们将在HALO上实现一种新的云组合探针（CCP），以观测尺寸在3 ~ 1550 μm之间的卷云冰晶。粒子间到达时间的检测将允许对破碎效应进行校正。因此，CCP将提供有关微物理粒子特性的新数据，这有助于更好地量化卷云和尾迹卷云的辐射影响。化学电离质谱仪将部署在HALO演示任务TACTS、ML-CIRRUS和POLSTRACC中，而CCP将集成在ML-CIRRUS和POLSTRACC任务中。

Cirrus clouds influence the earth´s climate directly through trapping of terrestrial and reflection of solar radiation – and indirectly through heterogeneous processing of trace gases modifying ozone concentrations in the tropopause region. Controversial results of recent field, modeling and laboratory studies have promoted an active debate on trace gas uptake in ice crystals in its consequences for global climate. Open questions remain e.g. the dependence of the nitric acid uptake in ice crystals on HNO3 partial pressure, denitrification and chlorine activation by cirrus clouds. Hence we will develop a chemical ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer for the high altitude long range aircraft HALO to detect HNO3 and HCl concentrations in the tropopause region. Particle shattering on the inlets of airborne instruments questioned the quality of previous microphysical cirrus and contrail data sets. To surmount these problems, we will implement a new cloud combination probe (CCP) on the HALO to observe cirrus ice crystals in the size range between 3 and 1550 μm. The detection of the particle interarrival times will allow for the correction of shattering effects. Hence the CCP will provide new data on microphysical particle properties, which help to better quantify the radiative impact of cirrus and contrail cirrus. The chemical ionization mass spectrometer will be deployed within the HALO demo missions TACTS, ML-CIRRUS and POLSTRACC and the CCP will be integrated in the ML-CIRRUS and the POLSTRACC mission.