Space Weather: Interplanetary Proton-Associated Flares Emphasizing Proton Predictions from Hard X-Ray and Microwave Observations

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Most solar flares are classified as impulsive, having hard X-ray spectra that become relatively more energetic (or 'harden') as fluxes increase, and 'soften' as fluxes decline. Conversely, hard X-ray spectra associated with energetic interplanetary protons progressively 'harden' as fluxes decline. Although coronal mass ejection-associated shocks may produce the majority of interplanetary protons, moderate numbers of high energy protons are also produced by progressively hardening flares; in fact, progressively hardening flares and coronal mass ejections often occur simultaneously. Thus, the investigator will focus on this progressively hardening flare to optimize proton prediction algorithms for both hard X-rays and microwaves. In addition, he pursues a collaboration for modeling the particle acceleration site with a particularly well-observed event, and new observations of hardening flares with a new hard X-ray spectrometer.