Collaborative Research in

合作研究

• 批准号: 9818077
• 负责人: Joan Bresnan
• 金额: $ 16.62万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-02-01 至 2003-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9818077&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research

9818077BRESNANThe importance of markedness hierarchies in morphosyntax has been well-documented in functional and typological work. Hierarchies of person, animacy, definiteness, grammatical function, semantic role, etc. underlie grammatical asymmetries which are found both within particular languages, and in the cross-linguistic distribution of various grammatical phenomena. Although universal tendencies in the form of these hierarchies are discernible, this domain is characterized by a great deal of language-particular variation. A central problem then is how to integrate markedness hierarchies into morphosyntactic theory in a way that acknowledges what is universal and at the same time permits for a wide range of language-particular variation.The variability of hierarchies -- both across and even within languages -- has impeded recognition in formal generative syntax of their explanatory importance as universals. While hierarchies have played a central role in functional and topological syntax, they have remained on the margins of formal description and theory. The emergence of Optimality Theory (OT), however, has introduced new ways of thinking about the relation between the universal and the language-specific, as well as a formal theory of markedness. In OT, all constraints are conceived as universal but violable, with language-particular difference the consequence of different rankings of universal constraints. These developments provide the opportunity to reconsider the role of markedness hierarchies in syntax and to build a bridge between the insights and results of functional/typological work on the one hand, and the explicit modeling techniques of formal grammar on the other. The goal of this collaborative project is to develop a fully explicit OT approach to markedness hierarchies in syntax, and to test it against both crosslinguistic typological research and language-internal studies of syntactic structures.This project will study crosslinguistic and language-specific asymmetries along several dimensions of prominence, including person, animacy, definiteness, and obviation. These asymmetries manifest themselves in various subsystems of grammar. To be studied here are voice, direction (i.e. inverse systems), case marking, agreement, and pronominal inventories, focusing on the Mayan and Bantu languages for in-depth linguistic study. A comparative survey of Australian languages will also be undertaken in the subsystems of interest. In addition, the role of markedness hierarchies in pidginization will be examined. This broad empirical scope is demanded by the theoretical approach (for which a major empirical test is the generation of typologies by reranking), and made possible by the combined expertise of the principal investigators and their assistants.

9818077 BRESNAN标记等级在形态句法中的重要性在功能和类型学工作中得到了很好的证明。人称、生命、有定、语法功能、语义角色等的等级构成了语法不对称性的基础，这些语法不对称性既存在于特定的语言中，也存在于各种语法现象的跨语言分布中。虽然这些等级形式的普遍趋势是可以辨别的，但这一领域的特点是有大量的语言特有的变异。一个中心问题是如何将标记等级整合到形态句法理论中，以一种既承认什么是普遍的，同时又允许广泛的语言特定变异的方式。等级的变异性--跨语言甚至在语言内部--阻碍了正式生成句法对它们作为普遍性的解释重要性的认识。虽然层级在功能语法和拓扑语法中发挥了核心作用，但它们仍然处于形式描述和理论的边缘。优选论的出现为语言普遍性和语言特异性之间的关系提供了新的思路，并形成了标记性的形式理论。在优选论中，所有的限制都被认为是普遍的，但可以违反，语言特殊的差异是普遍限制的不同排名的结果。这些发展提供了机会，重新考虑标记层次结构在句法中的作用，并建立一个桥梁的见解和结果的功能/类型学的工作，一方面，明确的建模技术的形式语法。这个合作项目的目标是发展一个完全明确的优选论方法来研究句法中的标记等级，并将其与跨语言类型学研究和语言内部的句法结构研究进行对比。这个项目将沿着沿着几个突出维度研究跨语言和特定语言的不对称，包括人称、生命性、确定性和排除性。这些不对称性在语法的各个子系统中表现出来。这里要研究的是语音，方向（即逆系统），情况标记，协议和代词库存，重点是玛雅和班图语言进行深入的语言学研究。还将在感兴趣的子系统中对澳大利亚语言进行比较调查。此外，标记等级在洋泾浜化中的作用也将被考察。这种广泛的经验范围是理论方法所要求的（对理论方法的一个主要的经验检验是通过重新排序来生成类型学），并通过主要研究者及其助手的综合专业知识而成为可能。