Dissertation: Eighteenth Century Seneca Iroquois Household Archaeology-- Excavation and Analysis at the Townley-Read Site, ca. 1710-1754

在南·罗斯柴尔德博士的指导下，库尔特·乔丹先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他的研究目的是了解易洛魁人在与欧洲殖民者广泛接触后，在17世纪初社会和社区组织的变化。历史记载和有限的考古数据表明，聚落模式发生了变化。在此之前，群体生活在位于高度设防位置的大围栏村庄中。后来，主要定居点的规模要小得多，而且位于更开阔的土地上，不太适合防御目的。尽管这一总体模式可能是正确的，但在家庭变化的时机、原因和特征方面，科学上存在很大分歧。许多研究人员断言，定居点的分散伴随着传统的多户树皮长屋的废弃，取而代之的是核心家庭大小的欧式风格原木小屋。这一论点认为，由于多年来欧洲传播的流行病、战争和对非易洛魁人的收养造成的传统母系社会组织的解体，更大的定居点分散，长屋建设被放弃。然而，在乔丹先生工作的纽约塞涅卡地区，放弃的时机表明了另一种解释。易洛魁人、法国人、英格兰人和西部美洲原住民群体之间颁布了一系列重要的和平条约后，那里的村庄首次发生搬迁。乔丹先生认为，在当地经历了几年的相对和平之后，塞涅卡易洛魁人可能已经相信，和平将是持久的，因此将被驱散，以获得更好的获得土地和水的机会。如果这一假设是正确的，定居转移并不意味着传统社会组织的崩溃，而是对变化的条件做出的合理和积极的反应。为了确定哪一个答案是正确的，乔丹将在纽约日内瓦附近的汤利-里德遗址进行考古研究。他将利用各种技术进行远程地球物理勘探，以定位被掩埋的房屋遗骸，然后进行部分挖掘。尽管他从表面材料上知道，这个定居点既小又分散，但还不确定建造了什么类型的住宅。传统的母系住宅在大小和形状上与殖民时期的母系住宅截然不同，汤利里德的社会进程取决于目前的房屋结构类型。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将提供对殖民历史的一个重要时期的洞察。它将为文化接触和变革提供新的线索，并有助于培养一位有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Nan Rothschild, Mr. Kurt Jordan will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. The goal of his research is to understand the changes in social and community organization of the Iroquois people in the early 1700s after extensive contact with European colonists. Historical accounts, and limited archaeological data, indicate a change in settlement pattern. Prior to this time groups lived in large stockaded villages located in highly defensible positions. Afterwards primary settlements were much smaller and located in more open ground less suited to defensive purposes. While this general pattern is likely correct, there is much scientific disagreement over the timing, causes and character of household change. Many researchers assert that settlement dispersal was accompanied by the abandonment of traditional multi-family bark longhouses in favor of nuclear family sized European style log cabins. This argument asserts that larger settlements dispersed and longhouse construction was abandoned because of the disintegration of traditional matrilineal social organization, caused by years of European borne epidemics, warfare and adoption on non-Iroquois individuals and groups. The timing of the abandonment however in the Seneca New York region where Mr. Jordan works suggests an alternative explanation. There village relocations first occurred after an important series of peace treaties were enacted among the Iroquois, French, English and western Native American groups. Mr. Jordan believes that after several years of relative local peace, the Seneca Iroquois may have become convinced that the peace was going to be durable and thus dispersed to obtain better access to fields and water. If this hypothesis is correct, settlement shift does not imply a breakdown of traditional social organization but rather a reasoned and positive response to changed conditions. In an attempt to determine which answer is correct, Mr. Jordan will conduct archaeological research at the site of Townley-Read located near Geneva New York. He will conduct remote geophysical prospecting using a variety of techniques to locate buried house remains and then conduct partial excavation. Although he knows from surface materials that the settlement is both small and dispersed, it is uncertain what types of dwellings were built. Traditional matrilineal houses are distinct in size and shape from their colonial counterparts and the determination of social process at Townley-Read hinges on the type of house structures present.This research is important for several reasons. It will provide insight into an important period of colonial history. It will shed new light on culture contact and change and assist in training a promising young scientist.