Dissertation: Eighteenth Century Seneca Iroquois Household Archaeology-- Excavation and Analysis at the Townley-Read Site, ca. 1710-1754

论文：十八世纪塞内卡易洛魁人家庭考古学——汤利里德遗址的挖掘和分析，约。

• 批准号: 9908795
• 负责人: Nan Rothschild
• 金额: $ 1.18万
• 依托单位: Columbia University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-08-01 至 2000-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9908795&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Dissertation; Eighteenth; Century; Seneca; Iroquois

Under the direction of Dr. Nan Rothschild, Mr. Kurt Jordan will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. The goal of his research is to understand the changes in social and community organization of the Iroquois people in the early 1700s after extensive contact with European colonists. Historical accounts, and limited archaeological data, indicate a change in settlement pattern. Prior to this time groups lived in large stockaded villages located in highly defensible positions. Afterwards primary settlements were much smaller and located in more open ground less suited to defensive purposes. While this general pattern is likely correct, there is much scientific disagreement over the timing, causes and character of household change. Many researchers assert that settlement dispersal was accompanied by the abandonment of traditional multi-family bark longhouses in favor of nuclear family sized European style log cabins. This argument asserts that larger settlements dispersed and longhouse construction was abandoned because of the disintegration of traditional matrilineal social organization, caused by years of European borne epidemics, warfare and adoption on non-Iroquois individuals and groups. The timing of the abandonment however in the Seneca New York region where Mr. Jordan works suggests an alternative explanation. There village relocations first occurred after an important series of peace treaties were enacted among the Iroquois, French, English and western Native American groups. Mr. Jordan believes that after several years of relative local peace, the Seneca Iroquois may have become convinced that the peace was going to be durable and thus dispersed to obtain better access to fields and water. If this hypothesis is correct, settlement shift does not imply a breakdown of traditional social organization but rather a reasoned and positive response to changed conditions. In an attempt to determine which answer is correct, Mr. Jordan will conduct archaeological research at the site of Townley-Read located near Geneva New York. He will conduct remote geophysical prospecting using a variety of techniques to locate buried house remains and then conduct partial excavation. Although he knows from surface materials that the settlement is both small and dispersed, it is uncertain what types of dwellings were built. Traditional matrilineal houses are distinct in size and shape from their colonial counterparts and the determination of social process at Townley-Read hinges on the type of house structures present.This research is important for several reasons. It will provide insight into an important period of colonial history. It will shed new light on culture contact and change and assist in training a promising young scientist.

在Nan Rothschild博士的指导下，Kurt Jordan先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他的研究目标是了解易洛魁人在18世纪初与欧洲殖民者广泛接触后社会和社区组织的变化。历史记载和有限的考古资料表明，定居模式发生了变化。在此之前，群体居住在位于高度防御位置的大型寨子村庄。后来的主要定居点规模小得多，位于更开阔的地方，不太适合防御目的。虽然这种总体模式可能是正确的，但在家庭变动的时间、原因和特征方面，科学界存在很多分歧。许多研究人员断言，定居点的分散伴随着传统的多家庭树皮长屋的放弃，取而代之的是核心家庭大小的欧式小木屋。这一论点断言，由于欧洲传播的流行病、战争和对非易洛魁个人和群体的收养造成了传统的母系社会组织的瓦解，较大的定居点分散了，长屋建筑被放弃了。然而，在乔丹工作的纽约塞内卡地区，遗弃的时间暗示了另一种解释。在易洛魁人、法国人、英国人和西部印第安人之间签订了一系列重要的和平条约之后，那里的村庄首次发生了搬迁。乔丹先生认为，经过几年相对的地方和平，塞内加易洛魁人可能已经确信和平将是持久的，因此分散开来，以便更好地获得田地和水。如果这一假设是正确的，那么定居转移并不意味着传统社会组织的崩溃，而是对变化的条件的理性和积极的反应。为了确定哪个答案是正确的，乔丹先生将在纽约日内瓦附近的汤利-里德遗址进行考古研究。他将使用各种技术进行远程地球物理勘探，以定位被埋的房屋遗迹，然后进行部分挖掘。虽然他从表面材料得知，定居点既小又分散，但不确定建造了什么类型的住宅。传统的母系房屋在大小和形状上都与殖民地的房屋不同，汤利-里德的社会进程取决于房屋结构的类型。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将让我们深入了解殖民历史的一个重要时期。它将为文化接触和变化提供新的线索，并有助于培养有前途的年轻科学家。