The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

选举制度比较研究（CSES）成立于1994年，是在50多个巩固和新兴民主国家进行的国家选举研究中进行的跨国研究合作项目。这个独特的研究项目有三个目标：阐明选举机构如何约束公民的信仰和行为，以制约通过普选表达的民主选择的性质和质量；理解政治和社会分裂和结盟的本质；并揭示了生活在不同政治安排下的公民如何评价民主制度和进程。通过协调跨政策的选举数据收集，CSES努力以一种不可能通过现有数据的二次分析的方式推进对选举行为的持久和基本辩论的理解。来自世界各地的社会科学家合作，明确了研究议程、研究设计、本土研究团队在每项政策中收集的微观和宏观层面的数据，以及用于数据收集和管理的标准和程序。这些数据包括对每个附属国家的全国选举调查提出的共同问题模块；就选举制度、政党、候选人和有关事项的性质，制订一套共同的宏观指标；还有一个文件档案，比如选举法规、政党纲领和宣言，可以提供信息或成为研究人员使用的数据库的一部分。

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) was founded in 1994 and is a collaborative program of cross-national research among national election studies conducted in over fifty consolidated and emerging democracies. The goals of this unique program of research are three fold: illuminate how electoral institutions constrain the beliefs and behaviors of citizens to condition the nature and quality of democratic choice as expressed through popular elections; understand the nature of political and social cleavages and alignments; and shed light on how citizens, living under diverse political arrangements, evaluate democratic institutions and processes. By coordinating the collection of electoral data across polities, CSES strives to advance the understanding of enduring and fundamental debates about electoral behavior in a way not possible through the secondary analysis of existing data. Social scientists from around the world have collaborated to specify the research agenda, the study design, the micro- and macro-level data that indigenous teams of researchers collect within each policy, and the standards and procedures that are used for data collection and management. The data include a common module of questions placed on the national election survey of each affiliate country; a common set of macro-level indicators regarding the nature of the electoral system, parties, candidates, and related matters; and an archive of documents, such as electoral statutes and party platforms and manifestos, that can inform or become part of the data base that researchers use.