Late Prehistoric Agriculture on the North Coast of Peru

灌溉农业是秘鲁沙漠海岸繁荣的古代文明的经济支柱。 在国家科学基金会的支持下，Frances Hayashida 博士和合作者将通过在秘鲁北海岸兰巴耶克地区的 Pampa de Chaparri 的跨学科实地考察，探索前西班牙晚期沿海农业的技术和组织。考古证据表明，兰巴耶克在奇穆和印加帝国统治时期（14 世纪初至 16 世纪初）就开始种植潘帕草原。 田地是由北海岸少数保存完好的运河系统之一灌溉的，该系统没有被历史和现代的耕作和定居点破坏。 因此，研究人员有一个难得的机会来调查该地区的前西班牙晚期农业，并探索古代国家如何构建大规模农业的更广泛问题。影响土地利用、水分配和作物决策的政治、社会和环境因素有哪些？这些决定在多大程度上是由国家指导的？在 2000 年为期六个月的田间季节中，将收集以下方面的数据：(1) 定居点、运河、田野、道路和其他地物的分布和年代顺序；(2) 自前西班牙占领以来的古代环境和变化；以及 (3) 作物和耕作方法。 实地工作将包括系统的考古调查和现场测绘以及运河、田野和定居点的试掘。 团队成员还将通过研究土壤、地貌、现代植被以及挖掘中的花粉和其他植物遗骸来收集现代和古代环境的数据。 2001 年，研究人员将返回秘鲁，为期 2.5 个月，分析 2000 年产季的材料。 这两个季节的结果将产生有关作物和水管理、生产规模、劳动力组织以及国家与地方政体在规划和管理中的作用的信息。 结果还将确定未来实地工作的方向。查帕里草原的实地考察将通过对过去水、土地、农作物、人民和政治之间关系的详细案例研究，为古代文明的研究做出贡献。 通过关注国家与农民的关系以及记录几个世纪以来持续存在的农业实践和技术，这项研究还可以为现代发展政策和项目做出贡献。

Irrigation agriculture was the economic backbone of the ancient civilizations that flourished on Peru's desert coast. With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Frances Hayashida and collaborators will explore the technology and organization of late prehispanic coastal agriculture through interdisciplinary fieldwork on the Pampa de Chaparri in the Lambayeque region of the north coast of Peru. Archaeological evidence indicates that the pampa was cultivated when Lambayeque was under the rule of the Chimu and Inka empires (early 14- early 16 Centuries). Fields were watered by one of the few well-preserved canal systems on the north coast that has not been destroyed by historic and modern cultivation and settlements. Researchers thus have the unusual opportunity to investigate late prehispanic agriculture in the region and to explore the broader question of how large-scale agriculture was structured in ancient states. What were the political, social, and environmental factors that informed decisions about land use, water distribution, and crops? To what degree were these decisions directed by the state? During a six-month field season in 2000, data will be collected on (1) the distribution and chronology of settlements, canals, fields, roads, and other features, (2) the ancient environment and changes since the prehispanic occupation, and (3) crops and cultivation practices. Fieldwork will include systematic archaeological survey and site mapping and test excavations of canals, fields, and settlements. Team members will also collect data on the modern and ancient environment though study of soils, geomorphology, modern vegetation, and pollen and other botanical remains from the excavations. In 2001, researchers will return to Peru for 2.5 months to analyze material from the 2000 season. The results of these two seasons will yield information on crop and water management, the scale of production, the organization of labor, and the role of the state versus local polities in planning and management. Results will also establish the direction of future fieldwork. Fieldwork on the Pampa de Chaparri will contribute to studies of ancient civilizations by providing a detailed case examination of the relationship between water, land, crops, people, and politics in the past. By focusing on the articulation of states with farmers and by recording agricultural practices and technologies that persisted over centuries, the research can also contribute to modern development policies and projects.