Late Prehistoric Agriculture on the North Coast of Peru

灌溉农业是秘鲁沙漠沿岸繁荣的古代文明的经济支柱。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，Frances Hayashida博士及其合作者将通过在秘鲁北部海岸兰巴耶克地区的Pampa de Chaparri进行跨学科实地考察，探索前西班牙晚期沿海农业的技术和组织。考古证据表明，当兰巴耶克在奇穆和印卡帝国的统治下（14世纪早期- 16世纪早期），草原已经被开垦。灌溉农田的是北海岸少数几个保存完好的运河系统之一，它没有被历史和现代的耕种和定居所破坏。因此，研究人员有了一个不寻常的机会来调查该地区晚期的前西班牙农业，并探索更广泛的问题，即古代国家是如何构建大规模农业的。哪些政治、社会和环境因素影响了有关土地利用、水资源分配和作物的决策？这些决定在多大程度上是由国家主导的？在2000年为期6个月的实地调查期间，将收集以下方面的数据：(1)定居点、运河、田野、道路和其他特征的分布和年代；(2)前西班牙人占领以来的古代环境和变化；(3)作物和耕作方式。实地工作将包括系统的考古调查和现场测绘，以及运河、田野和定居点的测试挖掘。小组成员还将通过研究挖掘出的土壤、地貌、现代植被、花粉和其他植物遗迹，收集有关现代和古代环境的数据。2001年，研究人员将回到秘鲁，用2.5个月的时间分析2000年季节的材料。这两个季节的结果将提供有关作物和水管理、生产规模、劳动组织以及国家与地方政策在计划和管理中的作用的信息。研究结果也将确定未来野外工作的方向。通过对过去的水、土地、作物、人民和政治之间的关系进行详细的案例研究，对查帕里草原的实地考察将有助于对古代文明的研究。通过关注国家与农民之间的联系，通过记录几个世纪以来持续存在的农业实践和技术，这项研究还可以为现代发展政策和项目做出贡献。

Irrigation agriculture was the economic backbone of the ancient civilizations that flourished on Peru's desert coast. With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Frances Hayashida and collaborators will explore the technology and organization of late prehispanic coastal agriculture through interdisciplinary fieldwork on the Pampa de Chaparri in the Lambayeque region of the north coast of Peru. Archaeological evidence indicates that the pampa was cultivated when Lambayeque was under the rule of the Chimu and Inka empires (early 14- early 16 Centuries). Fields were watered by one of the few well-preserved canal systems on the north coast that has not been destroyed by historic and modern cultivation and settlements. Researchers thus have the unusual opportunity to investigate late prehispanic agriculture in the region and to explore the broader question of how large-scale agriculture was structured in ancient states. What were the political, social, and environmental factors that informed decisions about land use, water distribution, and crops? To what degree were these decisions directed by the state? During a six-month field season in 2000, data will be collected on (1) the distribution and chronology of settlements, canals, fields, roads, and other features, (2) the ancient environment and changes since the prehispanic occupation, and (3) crops and cultivation practices. Fieldwork will include systematic archaeological survey and site mapping and test excavations of canals, fields, and settlements. Team members will also collect data on the modern and ancient environment though study of soils, geomorphology, modern vegetation, and pollen and other botanical remains from the excavations. In 2001, researchers will return to Peru for 2.5 months to analyze material from the 2000 season. The results of these two seasons will yield information on crop and water management, the scale of production, the organization of labor, and the role of the state versus local polities in planning and management. Results will also establish the direction of future fieldwork. Fieldwork on the Pampa de Chaparri will contribute to studies of ancient civilizations by providing a detailed case examination of the relationship between water, land, crops, people, and politics in the past. By focusing on the articulation of states with farmers and by recording agricultural practices and technologies that persisted over centuries, the research can also contribute to modern development policies and projects.