The Ynalche Project: The Political Ecology of Late Prehispanic Agriculture on the North Coast of Peru

Ynalche 项目：秘鲁北海岸前西班牙晚期农业的政治生态

• 批准号: 0838211
• 负责人: Frances Hayashida
• 金额: $ 25.9万
• 依托单位: University of New Mexico
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-09-01 至 2012-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0838211&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Ynalche; Project; Political; Ecology; Late

With support from the National Science Foundation, Dr. Frances Hayashida and a team of students and specialists will explore the organization and ecology of late pre-Columbian agriculture on the Pampa de Chaparrí, a remarkably well-preserved archaeological landscape in the Lambayeque region of the north coast of Peru. During the first phase of research, project members surveyed the western half of the pampa and recorded nearly five hundred sites. The results indicated that canals were initially built in ca. A.D. 900 by people of the Sicán polity, which was based in Lambayeque. Under the Sicán, water management was largely decentralized and in the hands of local social groups, a pattern that persisted for nearly five hundred years. Following conquest by the Chimú Empire in ca. A.D. 1350-1400, everything changed: new administrative centers were built and the reorganization of settlements and fields suggest that the state took direct control of the best-watered lands.In the second phase of research, the project will take a closer look at local transformations as the pampa was pulled into the Chimú economic, political, and cultural spheres. How did the decisions of distant imperial rulers change local land use practices and landscapes? What were the effects on local farming communities and households and how did they respond? A secondary goal is to collect preliminary information on El Niño-related flooding on the pampa to inform future work on the impacts and effects of these disturbances on north coastal populations and agricultural landscapes.To address these issues, an international team of archaeologists, geologists, and botanists will (1) complete the survey by covering the eastern pampa, (2) map Sicán and Chimú farming settlements to document changes in organization, (3) excavate houses for evidence of the daily economic and social lives of Sicán and Chimú inhabitants, (4) excavate canals and gullies to develop local records of El Niño events, and (5) collect modern plant specimens to help identify the fragmented remains of crops and local vegetation from archaeological sites.Intellectual merit: The project will examine the effects on local people and landscapes of incorporation into a larger political economy. In modern contexts, these effects (e.g., in the case of globalization) have received a great deal of attention; archaeology provides a deep historical perspective on these dynamics that is not obtainable through any other field of study. The project will also contribute to comparative studies of imperialism and deepen our understanding of the agrarian economies of Andean states.Broader impacts: Results from the project will be broadly disseminated to both professional and public audiences in presentations and publications in the U.S. and Peru. American and Peruvian graduate and undergraduate students will participate in all stages of fieldwork and analysis and will have the opportunity to develop thesis and dissertation projects. Finally, the Pampa de Chaparrí is under threat of development for industrial agriculture, which would obliterate this unique pre-Columbian landscape and the history of the farmers who lived there. The project will strengthen local efforts to document and preserve the pampa's irreplaceable cultural and historical resources.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Frances Hayashida博士和一个由学生和专家组成的团队将探索Pampa de Chaparri上的前哥伦布晚期农业的组织和生态，Pampa de Chaparri是秘鲁北海岸Lambayeque地区保存完好的考古景观。 在研究的第一阶段，项目成员调查了潘帕大草原的西半部，并记录了近500个地点。结果表明，运河最初建于公元前。公元900年，位于兰巴耶克的Sicán政体的人们建立了这座城市。 在西坎王朝时期，水资源的管理基本上是分散的，掌握在当地社会团体手中，这种模式持续了近500年。 后来，被中华帝国征服。公元1350年至1400年，一切都发生了变化：新的行政中心建立起来，定居点和田地的重组表明国家直接控制了最好的水源。在研究的第二阶段，该项目将更仔细地观察大草原被拉入奇穆经济，政治和文化领域时的地方变化。 遥远的帝国统治者的决定如何改变了当地的土地利用方式和景观？ 对当地农业社区和家庭有何影响，他们如何应对？ 第二个目标是收集与厄尔尼诺有关的大草原洪水的初步信息，为未来关于这些干扰对北部沿海人口和农业景观的影响和影响的工作提供信息。为了解决这些问题，一个由考古学家、地质学家和植物学家组成的国际团队将（1）完成对大草原东部的调查，（2）绘制Sicán和Chimú农业定居点的地图，以记录组织结构的变化，（3）挖掘房屋，以证明Sicán和Chimú居民的日常经济和社会生活，（4）挖掘运河和沟渠，以编制厄尔尼诺事件的地方记录，及（5）收集现代植物标本，以协助辨认考古遗址中残存的农作物和当地植被。学术价值：本项目将研究融入更大的政治经济对当地人民和景观的影响。 在现代背景下，这些影响（例如，在全球化的情况下）受到了极大的关注;考古学为这些动态提供了一个深刻的历史视角，这是通过任何其他研究领域都无法获得的。该项目还将有助于对帝国主义的比较研究，加深我们对安第斯国家农业经济的理解。更广泛的影响：该项目的结果将在美国和秘鲁的演讲和出版物中向专业和公众受众广泛传播。 美国和秘鲁的研究生和本科生将参与实地考察和分析的各个阶段，并将有机会开发论文和论文项目。 最后，查帕里草原正受到工业化农业发展的威胁，这将抹杀这一独特的前哥伦布景观和居住在那里的农民的历史。 该项目将加强当地的努力，记录和保护潘帕草原不可替代的文化和历史资源。