Tacit Coordination of Collective Action in Multiple-task Environments

多任务环境中集体行动的默契协调

• 批准号: 0001910
• 负责人: Garold Stasser
• 金额: $ 27.09万
• 依托单位: Miami University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2000-09-01 至 2004-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0001910&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Tacit; Coordination; Collective; Action; Multiple

Much of the work that is accomplished in organizations, schools, families, and government settings involves people working together in groups. This project examines how it is that people are able to coordinate their efforts in cooperative, interdependent workgroups operating in multiple task environments. The research is informed by a model of tacit coordination, which suggests that individual group members allocate their efforts to tasks based on expectations about teammates' behavior (social knowledge), perceptions of task demands (task knowledge) and assessments of one's own capabilities (self knowledge). Theoretically relevant features of the task environment include group size, the number of tasks to be accomplished and the staffing demands of the tasks. The Tacit Coordination Model incorporates constructs from traditional decision theory and yields normative predictions for task choices based on the assumption that members choose tasks that maximize the marginal expected utility of their actions. Nonnormative heuristics for task choices are also considered. For example, members may avoid tasks for which their contributions are likely to be dispensable (overstaffed tasks) or futile (understaffed tasks). Six studies use a collective problem-solving paradigm and examine the development of coordination over repeated trials. These studies explore the use of normative principles and nonnormative heuristics by members to guide their task choices and the relationships among these rules and the effectiveness of team coordination. Also of interest is the impact of group heterogeneity (diversity of abilities and values) on coordinated action for tasks that have different staffing requirements. The ideas embodied in the model suggest, for example, that heterogeneity facilitates coordinated action when tasks can be staffed by one member but impedes coordination when tasks must be staffed by all members. The empirical work will inform the development of a computational model of tacit coordination, which can facilitate studying the collective implication of individual choices and the emergent properties of using different coordination rules over time.

在组织、学校、家庭和政府机构中完成的许多工作都涉及到人们以小组的形式一起工作。这个项目检查人们是如何能够在多任务环境中协作、相互依赖的工作小组中协调他们的努力的。该研究采用了一个默会协调模型，该模型表明，个体团队成员根据对队友行为的期望（社会知识）、对任务需求的感知（任务知识）和对自身能力的评估（自我知识）来分配任务。任务环境的理论相关特征包括团队规模、需要完成的任务数量以及任务的人员需求。隐性协调模型结合了传统决策理论的结构，并基于成员选择使其行动的边际预期效用最大化的任务的假设，对任务选择产生规范性预测。任务选择的非规范性启发式也被考虑。例如，成员可能会避免那些他们的贡献可能是可有可无的任务（人手过多的任务）或徒劳的任务（人手不足的任务）。六项研究使用集体解决问题的范例，并通过重复试验检查协调的发展。这些研究探讨了成员使用规范性原则和非规范性启发式来指导他们的任务选择，以及这些规则与团队协调有效性之间的关系。同样令人感兴趣的是群体异质性（能力和价值观的多样性）对具有不同人员配置要求的任务的协调行动的影响。例如，模型中体现的思想表明，当任务可以由一个成员负责时，异质性促进了协调行动，但当任务必须由所有成员负责时，异质性阻碍了协调。本文的实证工作将为隐性协调计算模型的发展提供信息，该模型有助于研究个体选择的集体含义以及使用不同协调规则随时间变化的涌现特性。