Tacit Coordination of Collective Action in Multiple-task Environments

在组织、学校、家庭和政府环境中完成的许多工作都涉及到人们在小组中一起工作。这个项目研究了人们如何能够在多任务环境中合作，相互依赖的工作组中协调他们的努力。该研究是由一个模型的默契协调，这表明，个人组成员分配他们的努力的基础上对队友的行为（社会知识），任务需求（任务知识）的看法和评估自己的能力（自我知识）的任务。从理论上讲，任务环境的相关特征包括小组规模、要完成的任务数量和任务的人员需求。默会协调模型结合了传统决策理论的结构，并基于成员选择最大化其行动边际预期效用的任务的假设，产生对任务选择的规范性预测。任务选择的非规范的数学也被认为是。例如，成员可能会避免他们的贡献可能是无效的（人员过剩的任务）或徒劳的（人员不足的任务）的任务。六项研究使用集体解决问题的范式，并检查了重复试验的协调发展。这些研究探讨了团队成员使用规范原则和非规范原则来指导他们的任务选择，以及这些规则与团队协调有效性之间的关系。小组异质性（能力和价值观的多样性）对具有不同人员配置要求的任务的协调行动的影响也令人感兴趣。例如，模型中体现的思想表明，当任务可以由一个成员来完成时，异质性有利于协调行动，但当任务必须由所有成员来完成时，异质性会阻碍协调。实证工作将告知默契协调的计算模型的发展，这可以促进研究个人选择的集体含义和随着时间的推移使用不同的协调规则的紧急属性。

Much of the work that is accomplished in organizations, schools, families, and government settings involves people working together in groups. This project examines how it is that people are able to coordinate their efforts in cooperative, interdependent workgroups operating in multiple task environments. The research is informed by a model of tacit coordination, which suggests that individual group members allocate their efforts to tasks based on expectations about teammates' behavior (social knowledge), perceptions of task demands (task knowledge) and assessments of one's own capabilities (self knowledge). Theoretically relevant features of the task environment include group size, the number of tasks to be accomplished and the staffing demands of the tasks. The Tacit Coordination Model incorporates constructs from traditional decision theory and yields normative predictions for task choices based on the assumption that members choose tasks that maximize the marginal expected utility of their actions. Nonnormative heuristics for task choices are also considered. For example, members may avoid tasks for which their contributions are likely to be dispensable (overstaffed tasks) or futile (understaffed tasks). Six studies use a collective problem-solving paradigm and examine the development of coordination over repeated trials. These studies explore the use of normative principles and nonnormative heuristics by members to guide their task choices and the relationships among these rules and the effectiveness of team coordination. Also of interest is the impact of group heterogeneity (diversity of abilities and values) on coordinated action for tasks that have different staffing requirements. The ideas embodied in the model suggest, for example, that heterogeneity facilitates coordinated action when tasks can be staffed by one member but impedes coordination when tasks must be staffed by all members. The empirical work will inform the development of a computational model of tacit coordination, which can facilitate studying the collective implication of individual choices and the emergent properties of using different coordination rules over time.