Developing Frames of Reference for Archaeological Research with Data on Hunter-Gatherer Technology, Social Organization and Environment

利用狩猎采集技术、社会组织和环境数据制定考古研究参考框架

• 批准号: 0090089
• 负责人: Lewis Binford
• 金额: $ 9.65万
• 依托单位: Southern Methodist University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-07-15 至 2003-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0090089&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Developing; Frames; Reference; Archaeological; Research

Dr. Binford and his colleagues will address a number of basic questions regarding the organization of cultural systems and why they change thru time. They will organize ethnographically documented information on hunter-gatherer material culture into data sets germane to exploring archaeologically patterning in the spatial and temporal distribution and association of items of material culture ( eg. Tools, containers ornaments, and clothing). This work will provide a link between the items of material culture archaeologists regularly record and previous research establishing relationships between such properties as mobility patterns, food procurement, groups sizes and varying scales of leadership hierarchy and both environmental and systems states variability (Binford 2001).We will use a well proven means of coding ethnographically described tools (Oswalt 1973, 1976) used in food procurement. We will expand the data on technology to include fabrication and processing tools. The latter have clear archaeological implications (See Binford 2001: ) and may be easily related to the already documented data on the actual practices of food procurement (Binford 2001). We will specifically research containers. A "pre-study" has already shown that when the first ceramics to appear in a sequence are simple bowls, the makers are invariably heavily dependent upon grain foods. We know that early ceramics from many different places may be large pointed bottom pots (Japan, parts of North America, and Scandinavia), small mug like containers (Greece), small round jars or other forms. We want to know why such variability occurs in the form of early ceramics. Therefore, we will document the uses of all containers. That is whether wooden, bark, or other containers are used and what such use is correlated with environmentally or culturally. It is hoped that such a knowledge of non-ceramic container alternatives will be demonstrably related to fabrication tools as well as changing use of containers in the context of varying subsistence strategies. These are all exciting possibilities which should change the way we interpret archaeologically observed innovations in technology.We will develop codes for documenting the types of clothing employed and the forms of body decoration employed by each ethnic group previously studied (Binford 2001). We anticipate exciting results, relating clothing to the frequencies of stone tools used in clothing manufacture and both should vary with climatic variables. We expect to learn why some hunter-gatherers invest heavily in body decoration and personal items, which may end up as grave furniture, and others do not. This is particularly important since the appearance of beads and body ornaments are currently accepted by many as the earliest evidence for fully modern behavior on the part of Homo-sapiens yet not all modern Homo Sapiens use beads or other ornaments.!Other archaeologists see grave furniture and included personalities as evidence for social ranking! Among the questions this research seeks to answer are whether these assumptions are accurate and whether we can explain variability in the use of such items among hunter-gatherer peoples?

宾福德博士和他的同事将解决有关文化系统组织以及它们为何随着时间而变化的一些基本问题。 他们将组织民族志记录的狩猎采集者物质文化的信息到数据集密切相关的探索考古模式的空间和时间分布和关联的物质文化项目（如。工具、容器、装饰品和衣服）。 这项工作将提供考古学家定期记录的物质文化项目与先前的研究之间的联系，这些研究建立了诸如流动模式，食物采购，群体规模和领导等级制度的不同规模以及环境和系统状态变化之间的关系。（Binford 2001）。我们将使用一种行之有效的方法来编码用于食品采购的人种学描述工具（Oswalt 1973，1976）。 我们将扩大技术数据，包括制造和加工工具。后者具有明显的考古学意义（参见Binford 2001： ），并可能很容易地与已经记录的有关食品采购的实际做法的数据（宾福德2001年）。我们将专门研究集装箱。 一项“预先研究”已经表明，当一系列陶瓷中出现的第一个是简单的碗时，制造商总是严重依赖谷物食品。 我们知道，来自许多不同地方的早期陶瓷可能是大尖底罐（日本，北美部分地区和斯堪的纳维亚半岛），小杯子状容器（希腊），小圆罐或其他形式。 我们想知道为什么早期陶瓷的形式会出现这种变化。因此，我们将记录所有容器的使用。 这就是是否使用木制、树皮或其他容器，以及这种使用与环境或文化的关系。 人们希望，这种知识的非陶瓷容器的替代品将证明与制造工具，以及在不同的生存战略的背景下不断变化的容器的使用。这些都是令人兴奋的可能性，应该改变我们解释考古学观察到的技术创新的方式。我们将开发代码，记录以前研究的每个民族所使用的服装类型和身体装饰形式（Binford 2001）。 我们期待着令人兴奋的结果，将服装与服装制造中使用的石器的频率联系起来，两者都应该随着气候变量而变化。我们希望了解为什么有些狩猎采集者在身体装饰和个人物品上投入大量资金，这些物品最终可能成为坟墓家具，而其他人则没有。 这一点尤其重要，因为珠子和身体装饰品的出现目前被许多人接受为智人完全现代行为的最早证据，但并非所有现代智人都使用珠子或其他装饰品。其他考古学家则把坟墓里的家具和人物作为社会等级的证据！ 这项研究试图回答的问题之一是，这些假设是否准确，以及我们能否解释狩猎采集民族使用这些物品的差异？