Measurement and Modeling of Local Scale Energy and Mass Exchanges in Urban Environments

城市环境中局部尺度能量和质量交换的测量和建模

• 批准号: 0095284
• 负责人: C Susan Grimmond
• 金额: $ 21.08万
• 依托单位: Indiana University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-04-01 至 2006-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0095284&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Measurement; Modeling; Local; Scale; Energy

Land surface and atmospheric alteration by urbanization leads to the development of distinct urban climates, which ultimately due to differences in the budgets of heat, mass, and momentum between the city and its pre-existing landscape. This study, through measurements and simple modeling, will enhance current understanding of surface - atmosphere exchanges in cities and their spatial variability at the local or neighborhood scale. This work will be conducted in two inter-related parts. First, a multi-city urban hydro-meteorological database consisting of surface energy balance fluxes, standard meteorological variables, and detailed spatial information on surface cover (materials and morphology) will be developed. This will be achieved by integrating results from previous studies, published and unpublished, and by conducting new long-term flux measurements at three carefully selected sites (Baltimore, USA; Lodz, Poland; Marseille, France). Second, simple parameterization schemes to simulate each of the surface energy balance fluxes in urban areas will be developed and evaluated. The objective is to develop a scheme with broad utility, thus it will be based on routinely collected meteorological data and simple surface parameters. Schemes for the individual fluxes will be evaluated separately and then integrated into a model called Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). The new data compiled and measured will be used to independently evaluate LUMPS. Urban areas represent a location where a large and ever-increasing proportion of the world's population live, and where a disproportionate share of natural resources are used. The data collected in this study will enhance current understanding of the fundamental physical processes involved in the generation of urban climates and their spatial variability. The integrated model developed from this research (LUMPS) will be capable of simulating the spatial variability of energy balance fluxes within and between cities. Given the easily-available data inputs of LUMPS (standard meteorological data and surface characteristics), it promises to be a tool of practical utility for the broad group of scientists interested in understanding, predicting, and mitigating urban climates.

城市化引起的地表和大气变化导致了独特的城市气候的发展，这最终是由于城市与其先前存在的景观之间的热量，质量和动量预算的差异。 这项研究，通过测量和简单的建模，将提高目前的理解，地面-大气交换在城市和他们的空间变异性在当地或邻里尺度。 这项工作将分两个相互关联的部分进行。 首先，将建立一个多城市的城市水文气象数据库，其中包括地表能量平衡通量、标准气象变量和关于地表覆盖物（物质和形态）的详细空间信息。 这将通过整合以前的研究结果，出版和未出版的，并进行新的长期通量测量在三个精心挑选的网站（巴尔的摩，美国;罗兹，波兰;马赛，法国）。 其次，将制定和评价模拟城市地区每一种地表能量平衡通量的简单参数化方案。 目标是制定一个具有广泛用途的计划，因此，它将以定期收集的气象数据和简单的地面参数为基础。 将分别对各个通量的方案进行评估，然后将其纳入称为局部尺度城市气象参数化方案（LUMPS）的模型。 编制和测量的新数据将用于独立评价LUMPS。城市地区是世界上越来越多的人口居住的地方，也是使用自然资源的不成比例的地方。 本研究收集的数据将加强目前对城市气候及其空间变异性产生所涉及的基本物理过程的理解。 本研究开发的综合模型（LUMPS）将能够模拟城市内部和城市之间的能量平衡通量的空间变异性。 由于LUMPS（标准气象数据和地表特征）的数据输入很容易获得，它有望成为对理解、预测和缓解城市气候感兴趣的广大科学家的实用工具。