Intrametropolitan Division of Labor and the Public Cost of Working Poverty

大城市内部的劳动分工和工作贫困的公共成本

• 批准号: 0112475
• 负责人: Jennifer Wolch
• 金额: $ 9.99万
• 依托单位: University of Southern California
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-08-01 至 2004-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0112475&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Intrametropolitan; Division; Labor; Public; Cost

Working poverty - arising when a job fails to bring an employee's income above the poverty line - is a growing phenomenon in southern California and in the United States, but has received little attention by urban researchers. Building on existing research on welfare, labor markets, and urban economic development, and ongoing work on the geography of poverty and fiscal disparities (see previous NSF project #9905866), this study investigates the relationship between the intrametropolitan patterns of economic activity and working poverty, and estimates the fiscal impact on local jurisdictions in the context of southern California. More specifically, the investigators consider the extent to which the gap between a "livable" income and the sub-poverty income of the working poor imposes extra costs on local governments in the form of traditional anti-poverty expenditures as well as additional services such as childcare, transportation, training, job information, and work-related healthcare - costs that may only be partly offset by intergovernmental transfers or expenditures. To empirically test these relationships, the investigators will develop a model of the impact of working poverty on local public finance and the role of the intrametropolitan division of labor on this relationship during the 1980s and 1990s - a period of dramatic changes in fiscal federalism, welfare organization, labor market conditions and immigration. First, they will measure the incidence of working poverty, analyze its demographic characteristics, identify the industries and occupations where it prevails, and estimate its geographical distribution across municipalities in the five-county southern California region. Second, they will calculate the gap between the actual wages of the working poor and a "livable" wage required to avoid poverty for each city. Third, they will estimate the impact of this gap on local antipoverty expenditures, taking into account the role of fiscal disparities, local labor market characteristics, business subsidies, living wage ordinances, proportion of immigrants, and welfare-to-work factors. This last step will make use of multivariate regression analyses.This study addresses important questions that have not been systematically approached by urban geographers and other scholars of poverty. First, it provides a better understanding of who the working poor are and emphasizes the links between working poverty and the regional economy. Furthermore, it provides a valuable tool for analyzing the social, political and spatial implications of working poverty, including heightened economic and social polarization, continued central city deterioration, and rapid exurbanization. A better understanding of these issues is critical to the development of successful antipoverty policies both at the national and local levels.

工作贫困-当一份工作不能使雇员的收入超过贫困线时产生-在南加州和美国是一个日益严重的现象，但很少受到城市研究人员的关注。 建立在现有的研究福利，劳动力市场和城市经济发展，以及正在进行的工作的贫困和财政差距的地理（见以前的NSF项目#9905866），本研究调查的经济活动和工作贫困的大都市内部模式之间的关系，并估计在南加州的背景下对地方司法管辖区的财政影响。 更具体地说，调查人员考虑了“宜居”收入和工作穷人的亚贫困收入之间的差距在多大程度上给地方政府带来了额外的成本，这些成本包括传统的反贫困支出以及额外的服务，如儿童保育、交通、培训、就业信息和与工作有关的医疗保健--这些成本只能通过政府间转移或支出部分抵消。 为了实证检验这些关系，研究人员将开发一个模型的影响，工作贫困对地方公共财政和这种关系在20世纪80年代和90年代的大都市内部分工的作用-财政联邦制，福利组织，劳动力市场条件和移民的戏剧性变化的时期。首先，他们将衡量工作贫困的发生率，分析其人口特征，确定其盛行的行业和职业，并估计其在加州南部五县地区的城市之间的地理分布。 其次，他们将计算每个城市贫困劳动者的实际工资与避免贫困所需的“宜居”工资之间的差距。 第三，他们将估计这一差距对地方反贫困支出的影响，考虑到财政差距的作用，当地劳动力市场的特点，企业补贴，生活工资条例，移民的比例，和福利工作因素。 最后一步将利用多元回归分析，这项研究解决了城市地理学家和其他贫困学者尚未系统探讨的重要问题。 首先，它使人们更好地了解谁是在业穷人，并强调在业穷人与区域经济之间的联系。 此外，它还为分析在业贫穷的社会、政治和空间影响提供了一个宝贵的工具，包括经济和社会两极分化加剧、中心城市持续恶化和迅速外迁。 更好地了解这些问题对于在国家和地方两级制定成功的除贫政策至关重要。