2001 TSE: Formulating Waterborne Coatings for the Environment: Interactions in Water-Cosolvent Media between Associating Polymers, Surfactants, and Colloidal Particles

为环境配制水性涂料：水-共溶剂介质中缔合聚合物、表面活性剂和胶体颗粒之间的相互作用背景：涂料和油漆行业在全球拥有500亿美元的市场。每年在美国销售的涂料和油漆超过10亿加仑。由于环保意识的提高和减少挥发性有机化合物（VOC）排放的监管压力（例如，1990年的《污染预防法》），现在一半以上的涂料和油漆是水性的，水性配方的比例继续增加的趋势。但即使是水性涂料和油漆也不是没有voc的，因为它们含有共溶剂，可能占总液体的30%。此外，许多这些共溶剂被归类为有害空气污染物（HAP）。动机：有必要全面减少挥发性有机化合物共溶剂，并以非HAP共溶剂取代HAP共溶剂。这一需求对水性涂料和油漆配方提出了挑战，但由于公开文献中缺乏关于共溶剂对缔合聚合物和表面活性剂的水溶液行为影响的报道，重新配方的动力令人困惑。这些两亲体对于稳定涂料和油漆的树脂和颜料胶体成分以及赋予独特的流变性能至关重要（例如，静止时粘度很高，喷涂或涂刷时粘度很低）。研究目标：主要研究人员的目标是发展基础知识，以支持和指导水性涂料和油漆的最佳配方。具体目标如下：目标1是通过检查由涂料和油漆中使用的具有代表性的缔合聚合物和表面活性剂组成的水溶液的相行为、结构和动力学来建立基准。目的2是探索和量化各种共溶剂（例如，不同类型的乙二醇醚和其他极性溶剂）对由缔合聚合物和表面活性剂组成的水溶液的相行为、结构和动力学的影响。目前在公开文献中没有这样的信息。助溶剂可以对两亲体的溶液行为和相互作用产生深远的影响，也可以改变体系的整体和局部粘度。目的3是研究树脂或颜料的胶体悬浮液在含有缔合聚合物和表面活性剂的水-共溶剂介质中的胶体稳定性、结构和流变性。这种悬浮液与涂料和油漆中使用的悬浮液非常相似。这里需要明确考虑的是，共溶剂可以与树脂发生特定的相互作用（例如，分割或膨胀）。另一个需要考虑的非常重要的问题是，在涂层/油漆应用后，随着水和共溶剂蒸发，颗粒-聚合物-表面活性剂-共溶剂混合物的整体和局部组成（以及相应的相互作用）的变化。潜在影响：拟议的研究直接实现了(i)减少水性涂料和油漆中使用的VOC共溶剂，并转向非hap共溶剂，（ii）水性涂料和油漆的最佳配方，这将导致所需涂层材料（和相关能源成本）的总体减少；（iii）同时，拟议的工作（通过提供基本信息）有助于用更环保的水性配方取代有机溶剂型涂料和油漆的持续努力。

AbstractCTS-0124848Alexandridis, PSUNY BuffaloFormulating Waterborne Coatings for the Environment: Interactions in Water-Cosolvent Media between Associating Polymers, Surfactants, and Colloidal ParticlesBackground: The coatings and paints industry commands a 50 billion-dollar market worldwide. Over 1 billion gallons of coatings and paints are sold in the U. S. every year. Because of increased environmental awareness and under regulatory pressure for the reduction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions (e.g., Pollution Prevention Act of 1990), over half of the coatings and paints are now waterborne, and the trend for increasing the fraction of waterborne formulations continues. But even waterborne coatings and paints are not VOC-free, as they contain cosolvents, which may comprise up to 30% of the total liquid present. Furthermore, a number of these cosolvents are classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAP).Motivation: There is a need for both an overall reduction of VOC cosolvents and a replacement of HAP cosolvent by non-HAP ones. This need challenges the waterborne coating and paint formulations, but the drive for reformulation is confounded by the dearth of reports in the open literature regarding the effects of cosolvents on the aqueous solution behavior of associating polymers and surfactants. These amphiphiles are essential in stabilizing the resin and pigment colloidal constituents of coatings and paints and in conferring unique rheological properties (e.g., very high viscosity at rest and very low viscosity during the spraying or brushing application). Research objectives: It is the goal of the principal investigator to develop fundamental knowledge to support and guide the optimal formulation of waterborne coatings and paints. The specific objectives are the following: Objective 1 is to establish benchmarks by examining the phase behavior, structure, and dynamics of aqueous solutions consisting of associating polymers and surfactants representative of those used in coatings and paints. Objective 2 is to explore and quantify the effects of various cosolvents (e.g., different types of glycol ethers and other polar solvents) on the phase behavior, structure and dynamics of aqueous solutions consisting of associating polymers and surfactants. No such information is currently available in the open literature. Cosolvents can have a profound effect on the solution behavior and interactions of amphiphiles, and also modify the overall and local viscosity of the system. Objective 3 is to study the colloidal stability, structure, and rheology of colloidal suspensions of resins or pigments in aqueous-cosolvent media that contain associating polymers and surfactants. Such suspensions are very similar to the ones used in coatings and paints. Of explicit consideration here is the fact that the cosolvents can interact specifically (e.g., partition or swell) with the resins. Another very important issue to consider is the change in the overall and the local composition (and corresponding interactions) of the particle-polymer-surfactant-cosolvent mixture as the water and cosolvents evaporate following the application of the coating/paint.Potential Impact: The proposed research directly enables (i) the reduction of VOC cosolvents that are used in waterborne coatings and paints and the switch to cosolvents that are not HAPs, (ii) the optimal formulation of waterborne coatings and paints which would result in overall reduction of coating material (and associated energy costs) needed; (iii) at the same time the proposed work assists (by providing fundamental information) the ongoing efforts of replacing organic solvent-borne coatings and paints with environmentally friendlier waterborne formulations.