Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Tiwanaku Residential Mobility and Archaeological Chemistry: Strontium and Lead Isotope Analyses in the South Central Andes

在道格拉斯·普莱斯博士的指导下，凯利·克努森将为她在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的博士论文收集数据。她将使用考古化学来研究公元500-1000年间存在于中南部安第斯山脉的前列国提瓦纳库文化。位于玻利维亚的蒂瓦纳库是一个巨大而令人印象深刻的遗址，它是一个宗教、经济和政治中心，对现在的秘鲁南部、智利北部和玻利维亚西部产生了影响。然而，这种影响的性质尚不清楚，也非常有争议。更具体地说，首都提瓦纳库与与提瓦纳库相关的较小遗址之间的关系一直备受争议。虽然一些学者认为，秘鲁南部和智利北部的这些遗址是提瓦纳库帝国为获得有价值的农产品而建立的殖民地，但另一些学者坚称，这些遗址居住的是当地人，他们与首都有宗教或经济联系，但没有政治联系。虽然考古学家试图通过各种手段解决这一争论，但只有考古化学才能确定来自首都提瓦纳库的殖民者在拟议的提瓦纳库殖民地中的身份。通过一项新技术，利用考古人类牙齿和骨骼中的锶和铅同位素比率，克努森将确定埋葬在拟议的提瓦纳库殖民地的人在生命的前5年生活在哪里。通过确定拟议的提瓦纳库殖民地的居民流动模式及其与首都提瓦纳库的生物关系，克努森将检验有关提瓦纳库政体性质的各种假设。这项研究在各个层面上都很重要。由于这一强大的方法论仍然是相对较新的，本论文的研究将有助于完善锶和铅同位素分析在考古学中的使用，并将有助于说服考古界相信其实用价值。此外，这项研究将阐明首都提瓦纳库和腹地可能的提瓦纳库遗址之间的关系，并将帮助安第斯派解决关于提瓦纳库政体性质的争论。最后，由于帝国战略的大部分信息来自有文字记录的地区和时间段，因此，对提瓦纳库中心地带-腹地相互作用和帝国战略的研究将扩大目前关于居住流动性在史前国家发展和维护中的作用的知识。这项工作还将有助于培养一位有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Douglas Price, Kelly Knudson will collect data for her doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She will use archaeological chemistry to investigate the Precolumbian Tiwanaku culture, which existed from AD 500-1000 in the South Central Andes. The large and impressive site of Tiwanaku, located in Bolivia, was a religious, economic and political center that exerted influence over what is now southern Peru, northern Chile and western Bolivia. However, the nature of that influence is unclear and very controversial. More specifically, the relationship between the capital city of Tiwanaku and smaller sites associated with Tiwanaku has been heavily debated. While some scholars argue that these sites in southern Peru and northern Chile are colonies established by the Tiwanaku empire to gain access to valuable agricultural goods, others insist that these sites were populated by local people with religious or economic ties, but not political, ties to the capital. While archaeologists have tried to address this debate through various means, only archaeological chemistry can definitively identify colonists from the capital city of Tiwanaku in the proposed Tiwanaku colonies. Through a new technique that utilizes the strontium and lead isotope ratios in archaeological human teeth and bone, Knudson will determine where people buried at the proposed Tiwanaku colonies lived for the first 5 years of their lives. By determining the patterns of residential mobility at the proposed Tiwanaku colonies and their biological relationship to the capital city of Tiwanaku, Knudson will test the various hypotheses concerning the nature of the Tiwanaku polity. This research is important on a variety of levels. Since this powerful methodology is still relatively new, this dissertation research will help refine the use of strontium and lead isotope analyses in archaeology, and will help convince the archaeological community of its utility. In addition, this research will elucidate the relationship between the capital city at Tiwanaku and possible Tiwanaku sites in the hinterlands, and will help Andeanists resolve the debate on the nature of the Tiwanaku polity. Finally, because most information on imperial strategies comes from regions and time periods for which written records exist, this research on Tiwanaku heartland-hinterland interactions and imperial strategies will expand current knowledge on the role of residential mobility in prehistoric state development and maintenance. The work will also assist in training a promising young scientist.