Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Tiwanaku Residential Mobility and Archaeological Chemistry: Strontium and Lead Isotope Analyses in the South Central Andes

在 Douglas Price 博士的指导下，Kelly Knudson 将为她在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的博士论文收集数据。她将利用考古化学来研究公元前 500-1000 年存在于安第斯山脉中南部的前哥伦布时期蒂瓦纳库文化。位于玻利维亚的蒂亚瓦纳科遗址规模宏大、令人印象深刻，是一个宗教、经济和政治中心，对现在的秘鲁南部、智利北部和玻利维亚西部产生了影响。然而，这种影响的性质尚不清楚且颇具争议。更具体地说，首都蒂亚瓦纳科和与蒂亚瓦纳科相关的较小遗址之间的关系一直备受争议。虽然一些学者认为，秘鲁南部和智利北部的这些遗址是蒂亚瓦纳库帝国为了获得宝贵的农产品而建立的殖民地，但另一些学者则坚持认为，这些遗址居住的当地人与首都有宗教或经济联系，但没有政治联系。尽管考古学家试图通过各种方式解决这一争论，但只有考古化学才能明确识别拟议的蒂亚瓦纳科殖民地中来自首都蒂亚瓦纳科的殖民者。通过一项新技术，利用考古人类牙齿和骨骼中的锶和铅同位素比率，克努森将确定埋在拟议的蒂亚瓦纳库殖民地的人们在生命的头五年中生活的地方。通过确定拟议的蒂亚瓦纳科殖民地的居住流动模式及其与首都蒂亚瓦纳科的生物学关系，克努森将检验有关蒂亚瓦纳科政体性质的各种假设。这项研究在很多层面上都很重要。由于这种强大的方法仍然相对较新，本论文研究将有助于完善锶和铅同位素分析在考古学中的使用，并有助于让考古界相信其实用性。此外，这项研究还将阐明蒂瓦纳库首都与腹地可能的蒂亚瓦纳库遗址之间的关系，并将帮助安第斯主义者解决关于蒂亚瓦纳库政体本质的争论。最后，由于大多数关于帝国战略的信息都来自有文字记录的地区和时期，这项关于蒂亚瓦纳库腹地相互作用和帝国战略的研究将扩展目前关于居住流动在史前国家发展和维护中的作用的知识。这项工作还将有助于培养一位有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Douglas Price, Kelly Knudson will collect data for her doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She will use archaeological chemistry to investigate the Precolumbian Tiwanaku culture, which existed from AD 500-1000 in the South Central Andes. The large and impressive site of Tiwanaku, located in Bolivia, was a religious, economic and political center that exerted influence over what is now southern Peru, northern Chile and western Bolivia. However, the nature of that influence is unclear and very controversial. More specifically, the relationship between the capital city of Tiwanaku and smaller sites associated with Tiwanaku has been heavily debated. While some scholars argue that these sites in southern Peru and northern Chile are colonies established by the Tiwanaku empire to gain access to valuable agricultural goods, others insist that these sites were populated by local people with religious or economic ties, but not political, ties to the capital. While archaeologists have tried to address this debate through various means, only archaeological chemistry can definitively identify colonists from the capital city of Tiwanaku in the proposed Tiwanaku colonies. Through a new technique that utilizes the strontium and lead isotope ratios in archaeological human teeth and bone, Knudson will determine where people buried at the proposed Tiwanaku colonies lived for the first 5 years of their lives. By determining the patterns of residential mobility at the proposed Tiwanaku colonies and their biological relationship to the capital city of Tiwanaku, Knudson will test the various hypotheses concerning the nature of the Tiwanaku polity. This research is important on a variety of levels. Since this powerful methodology is still relatively new, this dissertation research will help refine the use of strontium and lead isotope analyses in archaeology, and will help convince the archaeological community of its utility. In addition, this research will elucidate the relationship between the capital city at Tiwanaku and possible Tiwanaku sites in the hinterlands, and will help Andeanists resolve the debate on the nature of the Tiwanaku polity. Finally, because most information on imperial strategies comes from regions and time periods for which written records exist, this research on Tiwanaku heartland-hinterland interactions and imperial strategies will expand current knowledge on the role of residential mobility in prehistoric state development and maintenance. The work will also assist in training a promising young scientist.