GLOBEC-01: The Physical Oceanography of Georges Bank and Its Impact on Biology

美国GLOBEC西北大西洋/乔治海岸项目旨在调查控制海洋动物种群动态的潜在物理和生物过程，具体目标物种是远洋早期生命阶段的鳕鱼（Gadus morhua）和黑线鳕（Melanogrammus aeglefinus）以及桡足类浮游动物Calanus finmarchicus和pseudoalanus spp. （GLOBEC, 1992）。1994-1999年期间进行的大规模、长期和面向过程的实地研究与数值模型研究相结合，产生了独特的数据集和新想法，用于调查具体过程，并将这些过程纳入对世界银行物理学和生物学的新认识。开发这种控制目标物种种群动态的物理/生物过程的新范式是第四阶段综合工作的中心目标。该项目有三个主要目标，服务于更广泛的第四阶段工作。首先，本项目力求更充分地了解几个具体过程的物理动力学和相互作用（例如，与河岸分层的季节性演变有关的过程、东北峰上的关键流场、潮汐混合和北侧锋面内的交叉锋交换），这些过程被认为在浮游动物和鱼类招募中起着关键作用。其次，该项目将基于观测的过程综合研究与基于模型的研究相结合，以提供我们对银行的物理环境及其在时间尺度上的变化的最佳描述，从分钟到每月再到季节性的GLOBEC现场年。这些模型研究使用的是C. Chen开发的有限体积沿海环流模型（FVCOM），用于物理/生物耦合研究。由后推算和数据同化方法产生的模型解决办法正在用于确定和量化世界银行的关键物理机制和物理/生物相互作用。第三，该项目为其他第四阶段研究人员提供了尽可能完整的描述和理解影响他们观察的基本物理过程。这项工作有两个长期目标：(a)完善和量化新的物理范式和影响目标物种的物理/生物相互作用，以及(b)与Franks和Chen等人一起开发FVCOM耦合物理/生物模型系统，以了解银行的耦合物理/生物系统，包括为什么一年可能与另一年不同。这些目标显然是相关的，因为数据综合工作将指导模型评估和改进，模型模拟（过程和季节预测）将提供对定量生物学建模必不可少的过程理解和现实特性和流场。

The U.S. GLOBEC NW Atlantic/Georges Bank program was designed to investigate the underlying physical and biological processes that control the population dynamics of marine animals, with the specific target species being the pelagic early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and the copepod zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus and Pseudocalanus spp. (GLOBEC, 1992). The resulting combination of broad-scale, long-term and process-oriented field studies conducted between 1994-1999, together with numerical model studies, has produced unique data sets and new ideas with which to investigate specific processes and the integration of these processes into a new level of understanding of the physics and biology of the Bank. Developing this new paradigm for physical/biological processes that control the population dynamics of the target species is a central goal of the Phase IV synthesis effort. This project has three primary objectives that serve the broader Phase IV effort. First, this project is seeking to more fully understand the physical dynamics and interactions of several specific processes (e.g., those associated with the seasonal evolution of stratification on the Bank, the crucial flow field over the Northeast Peak, and cross-frontal exchange within the tidal mixing and northern flank fronts) that are thought to play critical roles in zooplankton and fish recruitment. Second, this project is combining observationally-based process synthesis studies into model-based studies to provide our best descriptions of the Banks physical environment and its variability on time scales from minutes to monthly to seasonal for the GLOBEC field years. These model studies are using the finite-volume coastal circulation model (FVCOM) developed by C. Chen for coupled physical/biological studies. The model solutions, generated by hindcast and data assimilation approaches, are being used to define and quantify key physical mechanisms and physical/biological interactions on the Bank. Third, this project is providing other Phase IV investigators with as complete a description and understanding of the basic physical processes affecting their observations as possible. The work has two long-term goals: (a) to refine and quantify the new physical paradigm and the physical/biological interactions that impact the target species, and (b) to develop with Franks and Chen et al. the FVCOM coupled physical/biological model system to understand the coupled physical/biological system on the Bank, including why one year might differ from another biologically. These goals are clearly related, since the data synthesis work will guide model evaluation and refinement, and the model simulations (both process and seasonal prognostic) will provide process understanding and realistic property and flow fields that are essential for quantitative biological modeling.