GLOBEC-01: The Physical Oceanography of Georges Bank and Its Impact on Biology

美国GLOBEC西北大西洋/乔治斯银行计划旨在调查控制海洋动物种群动态的潜在物理和生物过程，具体目标物种是远洋早期阶段的鳕鱼(Gadus Morhua)和黑线鳕(Melanogrammus Aeglefinus)，以及桡足类浮游动物Calanus finmarchicus和Pseudocalanus spp。(GLOBEC，1992)。1994-1999年期间进行的广泛、长期和注重进程的实地研究与数字模型研究相结合，产生了独特的数据集和新的想法，用来调查具体的进程，并将这些进程纳入对世界银行物理和生物学的新的理解水平。开发这一控制目标物种种群动态的物理/生物过程的新范例是第四阶段合成工作的中心目标。该项目有三个主要目标，为更广泛的第四阶段工作服务。首先，该项目试图更全面地了解被认为在浮游动物和鱼类补充中起关键作用的几个具体过程的物理动力学和相互作用(例如，与岸边层结的季节性演变、东北峰顶上的关键流场以及潮汐混合和北翼锋面内的跨锋面交换有关的过程)。其次，该项目将基于观测的过程综合研究与基于模型的研究相结合，以最好地描述班克斯的物理环境及其在GLOBEC实地年从分钟到每月到季节的时间尺度上的变异性。这些模式研究都是利用陈振中发展的有限体积近岸环流模式(FVCOM)进行物理/生物耦合研究。由后播和数据同化方法产生的模型解决方案正被用来定义和量化世界银行的关键物理机制和物理/生物相互作用。第三，该项目为第四阶段的其他调查人员提供了对影响其观测的基本物理过程的尽可能完整的描述和理解。这项工作有两个长期目标：(A)完善和量化影响目标物种的新的物理范式和物理/生物相互作用，以及(B)与Franks和Chen等人一起开发。FVCOM耦合的物理/生物模型系统，以了解银行的耦合的物理/生物系统，包括为什么一年可能不同于另一年的生物学。这些目标显然是相关的，因为数据合成工作将指导模型评估和改进，而模型模拟(过程和季节预测)将提供对定量生物建模至关重要的过程理解和现实性质和流场。

The U.S. GLOBEC NW Atlantic/Georges Bank program was designed to investigate the underlying physical and biological processes that control the population dynamics of marine animals, with the specific target species being the pelagic early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and the copepod zooplankton Calanus finmarchicus and Pseudocalanus spp. (GLOBEC, 1992). The resulting combination of broad-scale, long-term and process-oriented field studies conducted between 1994-1999, together with numerical model studies, has produced unique data sets and new ideas with which to investigate specific processes and the integration of these processes into a new level of understanding of the physics and biology of the Bank. Developing this new paradigm for physical/biological processes that control the population dynamics of the target species is a central goal of the Phase IV synthesis effort. This project has three primary objectives that serve the broader Phase IV effort. First, this project is seeking to more fully understand the physical dynamics and interactions of several specific processes (e.g., those associated with the seasonal evolution of stratification on the Bank, the crucial flow field over the Northeast Peak, and cross-frontal exchange within the tidal mixing and northern flank fronts) that are thought to play critical roles in zooplankton and fish recruitment. Second, this project is combining observationally-based process synthesis studies into model-based studies to provide our best descriptions of the Banks physical environment and its variability on time scales from minutes to monthly to seasonal for the GLOBEC field years. These model studies are using the finite-volume coastal circulation model (FVCOM) developed by C. Chen for coupled physical/biological studies. The model solutions, generated by hindcast and data assimilation approaches, are being used to define and quantify key physical mechanisms and physical/biological interactions on the Bank. Third, this project is providing other Phase IV investigators with as complete a description and understanding of the basic physical processes affecting their observations as possible. The work has two long-term goals: (a) to refine and quantify the new physical paradigm and the physical/biological interactions that impact the target species, and (b) to develop with Franks and Chen et al. the FVCOM coupled physical/biological model system to understand the coupled physical/biological system on the Bank, including why one year might differ from another biologically. These goals are clearly related, since the data synthesis work will guide model evaluation and refinement, and the model simulations (both process and seasonal prognostic) will provide process understanding and realistic property and flow fields that are essential for quantitative biological modeling.