Doctoral Dissertation Research: Globalization and Representation in Developed Democracies

经济全球化是否影响世界上已建立的民主国家的政治代表性？如果是，如何做到？尽管关于全球市场对国内政治影响的文献越来越多，但学者们忽视了代表性的基本问题。对代表性的研究仍然是关于大众和精英政治行为的一个基本上独立的文献领域。尽管经济表现在这些著作中占有突出地位，但学者们并没有探讨外部经济如何影响当代政治制度在多大程度上实现代表性、问责制和回应性等民主理想。拟议的研究将承担这项任务。在全球化下，各国政府变得更加依赖外部环境，使决策者对经济健康的控制力下降。反过来，选民也不太倾向于从经济条件的角度来评价精英的表现。这项研究认为，这些发展带来了两个相关的后果代表。首先，增加开放性降低了选民要求政府为过去的表现负责的可能性。 第二，开放减少了精英对大众偏好的回应，而不是对经济政策的回应。 简而言之，通过扰乱国内行为者与政策结果之间的联系，全球化改变了代议制民主的机制。 本文的研究将在内容和方法上对全球化文献做出贡献。实质上，该研究部分从过去的工作的绩效和政策成果，认为一个完整的理解全球化的影响，需要考虑公民的偏好和精英的战略。首先，将对政府的受欢迎程度进行动态分析，以评估日益开放是否会影响公民评价精英绩效的清晰度。其次，将进行多层次分析，以调查这种关系是否取决于国家政治背景或选民的特征。接下来，将进行政治家策略的比较案例研究，以考察在部分全球化的世界中，政策选择在多大程度上受到国内政治需求的驱动。最后，精英和大众对全球化政策反应的立场的措施将被结合起来，以评估其一致性。首先，它提出了经济开放如何影响发达民主国家的代表性的第一个全面的帐户之一。其次，这样做的研究可能会质疑传统的假设基础上的群众和精英的喜好。第三，这项研究将揭示国家政治机构，特别是选举本身，在一个日益相互依存的世界中，可以在多大程度上继续作为民主的工具。

Does economic globalization affect political representation in the world's established democracies? If so, how? Despite a growing literature on the effect of global markets on domestic politics, scholars have ignored the fundamental question of representation. The study of representation remains the province of a largely separate literature on the political behavior of masses and elites. And though economic performance figures prominently in these works,scholars do not explore how the external economy affects the extent to which contemporary political systems live up to the democratic ideals of representation, accountability, and responsiveness. The proposed research will take up this task. Under globalization national governments become more dependent on the external environment, leaving policymakers with less control over the health of the economy. The electorate in turn becomes less inclined to evaluate elite performance in terms of economic conditions. This study argues that these developments carry two related consequences for representation. First, increased opennessreduces the likelihood that voters hold their governments accountable for past performance. Second, openness reduces elite incentives to respond to mass preferences over economic policy. In short, by upsetting links between domestic actors and policy outcomes, globalization alters the mechanisms of representative democracy. The proposed research will make a contribution to the globalization literature both substantively and methodologically. Substantively, the study parts from past work on performance and policy outcomes to argue that a complete understanding of the impact of globalization requires a consideration of citizen preferences and elite strategies.Methodologically, the study will test the argument in four stages. First, dynamic analyses of government popularity will be performed to assess whether increasing openness affects the clarity with which citizens evaluate elite performance. Second, multilevel analyses will be conducted to investigate if this relationship is conditional on national political context or on voters' characteristics. Next, comparative case studies of politician strategy will be done to examine the extent to which policy choices in a partially globalized world are driven by the demands ofdomestic politics. Finally, measures of elite and mass positions over policy responses to globalization will be combined to assess their congruence.The proposed research has several potential impacts. First, it proposes one of the first comprehensive accounts of how economic openness affects representation among the developed democracies. Second, by doing so the research may call into question conventional assumptions over the bases of mass and elite preferences. And third, the research will reveal the extent to which national political institutions particularly elections themselves can continue to serve as instruments of democracy in an increasingly interdependent world.