Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Community Identities in the Chimu Empire

在特伦斯·达特洛伊博士的监督下，斯科特·克雷姆考将分析他在秘鲁北海岸查曼山谷的几个奇姆定居点进行考古挖掘和调查工作时收集的数据。除印卡人外，奇姆帝国是前哥伦布时代南美洲最大的本土政体。从13世纪开始，奇姆人征服了秘鲁北部和中部海岸的大部分地区，并统治着一个伦理和地理上多样化的帝国。然而，秘鲁北海岸的考古研究大多集中在更早的文明上，只发掘了相对较少的奇木遗址，其中大部分是大型政治中心，如成龙的首都。这个项目将考察查曼河谷的奇木征服，以及它对被征服的人们产生了什么影响。具体地说，它将通过考察在奇木征服之前、期间和之后居住的社区，来研究被征服的群体如何与奇姆人的入侵合作、抵抗或保持不受奇姆人入侵的影响。之所以在这里采用这种方法，是因为历史、考古和民族志研究都表明，社区是一个关键的环境，在这个环境中，权力、地位和身份的地位被协商，不同的社会网络变得相互交织。社区既是由社会身份和思想以微妙方式表现出来的人的物理群体。因此，人们可以根据组成它的人的不同经历和信仰，从许多不同的角度来理解和看待一个人的社区。这个项目将利用人工制品、建筑和聚落模式，调查在奇姆人征服山谷后，现有的社会身份和社会网络是如何改变的。这个项目考察的主要问题是，这些社区是否保持了现有的身份和社交网络，采用了外国侵略者的身份，还是通过融合传统和新的身份创造了新的身份。为了解决这个问题，该项目将研究社会和政治分层但种族同质的社区。虽然历史记录描述了北海岸的几种社区，通常是按手工艺专业化组织的，但这个项目将把重点放在农民社区，他们在这一时期占该地区人口的大多数。除了解决重大的理论和历史问题外，这个项目还将收集和分析大量的经验数据。其目标是为未来对同一时间和地点的史前研究以及更广泛、更多的比较研究做出贡献。该项目还有一个中心的教育使命，因为它的人员包括秘鲁和美国的学生和考古学家，它包含了更广泛的社区发展和信息传播的计划。教育展览将被纳入车彭镇和圣何塞德莫罗镇现有的博物馆组成部分，由圣何塞·德莫罗项目自1999年以来创建。这些展览旨在帮助宣传该地区用于旅游的考古资源，并向当地人传授考古遗迹的价值，以努力通过农业发展遏制抢劫和遗址破坏。

Under the supervision of Dr. Terence D'Altroy, Scott Kremkau will analyze data gathered during his archaeological excavations and survey work at several Chimu settlements in the Chaman Valley on the North Coast of Peru. Excepting the Inkas, the Chimu empire was the largest native polity in pre?Columbian South America. Beginning in the 13th century, the Chimu conquered most of the Northern and Central coasts of Peru, and ruled over an ethically and geographically diverse empire. However, much of the archaeological research on the North Coast of Peru has focused on earlier civilizations, and only a relatively small number of Chimu sites have been excavated, most of which are large political centers such as the capital of Chan Chan. This project will examine the Chimu conquest of the Chaman valley and what effect it had on the people who were conquered. Specifically, it will look at how conquered groups collaborated with, resisted, or remained unaffected by the intrusion of the Chimu by examining communities that were inhabited before, during, and after the Chimu conquest. This approach is adopted here because historical, archaeological, and ethnographic studies all show that the community is a pivotal setting within which positions of power, status, and identity are negotiated and different social networks become intermeshed. Communities are both physical groups of people defined by social identities and ideas manifested in subtle ways. Thus a community of people can be understood and viewed from many different perspectives based on the differing experiences and beliefs of the people who compose it. Using artifacts, architecture and settlement patterns, this project will investigate how existing social identities and social networks changed following the conquest of the valley by the Chimu. The main question examined in this project is whether these communities maintained their existing identities and social networks, adopted the identities of the foreign invaders, or created new ones by blending both the traditional and the new. To address this issue, the project will examine communities that were socially and politically stratified, but ethnically homogeneous. While the historical record describes several kinds of communities on the North Coast, often organized by craft specialization, this project will focus on communities of farmers, which made up the majority of the population in the region during this period.This project will gather and analyze a significant corpus of empirical data, in addition to addressing significant theoretical and historical issues. The goal is to contribute both to future research on the prehistory of the same time and place and to broader, more comparative studies. The project also has a central educational mission, as its personnel include Peruvian and American students and archaeologists, and it contains plans for broader community development and the dissemination of information. Educational displays will be incorporated into existing museum components in the towns of Chepen and San Jose de Moro created by the Proyecto Arqueologico San Jose de Moro since 1999. These displays are designed to help promote the archaeological resources of the area for tourism and to teach local people the value of archaeological remains in an effort to deter looting and site destruction through agricultural development.