Sensors: Smart RF Antennas for Reliable and Real-Time Sensor Networks

传感器：用于可靠、实时传感器网络的智能射频天线

• 批准号: 0330016
• 负责人: Saurabh Bagchi
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Purdue University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-09-01 至 2008-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0330016&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Sensors; Smart; RF; Antennas; Reliable

Wireless networks of sensor nodes cooperating among themselves for information gathering and analysisare becoming an important platform in several domains. The area has seen growing research interest indifferent layers - devices, communication, network protocols and to a limited extent, applications. Forsensor networks to become viable platforms for the large class of applications it is being targetedtowards, there is the need to consider the cross-interaction between the different layers. For example, thefact that the sensors are equipped with smart antennas capable of power optimization should be utilizedby the routing protocols. The novelty of the proposed research is manifold. We propose to design asensor node that integrates innovative ideas for the radio frequency (RF) based communication device,the MAC layer, and a fault-tolerant and real-time middleware. The integrated node will be used in buildinga sensor network and evaluating the network for tradeoffs of performance, cost, robustness, simplicity,and flexibility.Uncertainty will be an undeniable fact of life with sensor networks in their real world deployments. Theuncertainty will stem from environmental variability (e.g., lack of line of sight communication), nodevariability (e.g., faster drainage of battery than expected), traffic variability (such as, higher than expectedsensed data traffic due to frequent occurrence of the event of interest) and attacker induced variability(e.g., jamming of the physical channels by a malicious intruder). In our research, we propose to providein-built support in the nodes to tolerate the uncertainty in the different dimensions. We propose severalnovel low power modes of operation based on the features of our proposed smart antenna in the RFcommunication equipment. Our proposed sensor node will be capable of not simply tolerating uncertainty,but exploiting the uncertainty to its advantage. We propose to make use of limited mobility in case itcauses the neighbors of a node to be aligned in a narrow band. In such a situation, the antenna can beswitched from its omni-directional mode of operation to a lower power unidirectional mode.Adaptivity of the sensor node will be another important driving factor in its design. The sensor nodeshould lend itself to reconfiguration in the face of uncertainty through easy to use mechanisms. In ourproposed node, a common thread of adaptivity will be built in at all the three levels under investigation.The issues of trade-off between adaptivity or flexibility and performance, cost, and simplicity will beconsidered for each layer as well as for the cross-interaction between layers. For example, at thecommunication device layer, the key tradeoff against cost will feature prominently since expensiveantenna arrays can provide the flexibility we require, but at a cost infeasible for the sensor nodes.Adaptivity at the system software level will focus on performing tasks on an as-needed basis, such asactivating the sensor only when there is an event of interest. Adaptivity at the middleware level will focuson adjusting the communication and computation to tune the fault -tolerance and real-time quality ofservice provided by the node.The proposed research comprises three key tasks: (i) Building diverse and intelligent RF hardware onelectrically small nodes, which will enable more robust and lower power operation. The key issuesaddressed here will be directionality, electromagnetically small size, and tradeoff between attractiveradiation shaping and cost and complexity; (ii) Building MAC and networking mechanisms which canleverage the flexibility provided by the RF hardware and provide hooks to the middleware. The MAC andnetwork layers will balance the tradeoffs of resource cost against performance and optimize it based onthe application requirements; (iii) Building a middleware layer that optimizes the operations for fault-tolerance and real-time requirements and balances these criteria against the cost and performanceimpact.Broad Impact in Technology and Teaching: An important goal of the research is to develop sensornodes with the new technology and create a sensor network testbed with the nodes equipped withmobility. The testbed will serve as an intuitive and attractive vehicle for disseminating the researchresults. This trend of popularizing research follows the earlier experience of the co-PI Rosenberg who hasdeveloped and deployed locality aware wireless services (such as, printing services) on the Purduecampus for widespread community use. The research findings will be disseminated to the RF, network,and middleware research community through publications and conference presentations. This project willhelp in teaching and training the graduate and undergraduate students who are implementing thetechniques and performing the testbed development and evaluation. The research results may beincorporated in several graduate and undergraduate courses taught by the PI and the co-PIs (i-FaultTolerant System Designlt, ieAdvanced Course in Networkingl., ieDistributed Parameter Systemslr).

传感器节点的无线网络彼此合作，以获取信息收集和分析成为多个域中的重要平台。该领域的研究兴趣越来越无动于衷 - 设备，通信，网络协议以及在有限范围内的应用程序。范式网络将成为针对目标的大型应用程序的可行平台，需要考虑不同层之间的交叉相互作用。例如，传感器配备了能够优化功率优化的智能天线的事实，应通过路由协议利用。拟议研究的新颖性是多种多样的。我们建议设计ASENSOR节点，该节点集成了基于射频（RF）的通信设备，MAC层以及容忍故障和实时中间件的创新想法。集成的节点将用于构建传感器网络，并评估网络的性能，成本，稳健性，简单性和灵活性的折衷。确定性将是在现实世界部署中使用传感器网络的生活事实。不确定性将源于环境变异性（例如，缺乏视线通信），结节性能（例如，电池的更快的电池排水速度），流量可变性（例如，由于兴趣频繁发生的频繁出现）和攻击者诱发的可变性（例如，由Maliquious Pristuder ta Malious distrududers）造成的可变性（例如，由于经常发生兴趣而频繁出现）。在我们的研究中，我们建议在节点中提供支持的支持，以容忍不同维度中的不确定性。我们根据RFCommunication设备中提议的智能天线的功能提出了多个小型的低功率操作模式。我们提出的传感器节点将不仅能够忍受不确定性，还可以利用其优势的不确定性。我们建议使用有限的迁移率，以防itsa将节点的邻居在狭窄的频段中对齐。在这种情况下，天线可以从其全方向的操作模式到较低的单向模式。传感器节点的适应性将是其设计中的另一个重要驱动因素。传感器鼻子应通过易于使用的机制在不确定性面前重新配置。在我们的普理节点中，将在调查的所有三个级别中内置一个共同的适应性线索。适应性或灵活性和性能，成本和简单性之间的权衡问题，以及对每一层以及层之间的交叉相互作用的问题。例如，在通信设备层上，针对成本的关键权衡将以突出的特征，因为expeSiveAntenna阵列可以提供我们需要的灵活性，但是对于传感器节点而言，成本不可避免。系统软件级别的适应性将专注于在感兴趣的情况下仅在传感器的情况下执行任务。中间件级别的适应性将集中于调整沟通和计算，以调整节点提供的故障 - 耐受性和实时质量服务。拟议的研究包括三个关键任务：（i）构建多样的和智能的RF硬件，电源小节点，这将实现更多的强大和较低的动力操作。这里提到的关键问题将是方向性，电磁尺寸很小，并且在吸引人化塑料与成本和复杂性之间进行了折衷； （ii）构建Mac和网络机制，这些机制可以加以赋予RF硬件提供的灵活性，并为中间软件提供钩子。 MAC和NETWORK层将平衡资源成本的权衡与绩效的权衡，并根据应用程序要求进行优化； （iii）建立一个中间件层，以优化了容忍失误和实时要求的操作，并平衡这些标准与成本和性能影响。BOROAD在技术和教学中的影响：研究的重要目标是使用新技术开发感官，并创建一个传感器网络测试，并与节点配备配备有能力。测试床将成为传播研究冲突的直观且有吸引力的工具。这一普及研究的趋势遵循了Co-Pi Rosenberg的早期经验，他在PurdueCampus上建立并部署了当地意识到的无线服务（例如，印刷服务），以供广泛的社区使用。研究结果将通过出版物和会议演讲将RF，网络和中间件研究社区传播。该项目将在教学和培训实施thetechniques并进行测试台开发和评估的研究生和本科生方面进行教学和培训。该研究结果可能会在PI和Co-PIS（I-FaultTolerant System Designlt，Ieadvanced课程中，IEDistribed参数SystemsLR）教授的几个研究生和本科课程中纳入。