Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Obsidian Exchange in the South Central Andes

博士论文改进补助金：安第斯山脉中南部的黑曜石交易所

• 批准号: 0331181
• 负责人: Mark Aldenderfer
• 金额: $ 1.2万
• 依托单位: University of California-Santa Barbara
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-09-01 至 2004-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0331181&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Obsidian

Under the supervision of Dr. Mark Aldenderfer, Nicholas Tripcevich will survey and test archaeological sites in the vicinity of a large obsidian source in the highlands of southern Peru. Research has shown that the Colca Valley of Peru was a primary source of obsidian for people in the south-central Andes for over 8,000 years. In excavations at archaeological sites hundreds of kilometers away from the source itself, researchers have found this chemically distinct obsidian material in sites associated with cultures ranging from early foraging groups to those of the powerful Tiwanaku state. The geological source of this obsidian was only recently identified and Tripcevich's survey in the vicinity of this obsidian source will build on the preliminary research that has been conducted to date. How would changes in regional demand for obsidian affect the activities of people visiting the source over the millennia? Significant changes in the socio-political context of obsidian consumption in the region occurred between the Late Archaic (4,800 BC) and the Late Formative (AD 500) with the appearance of social hierarchy and dramatic public architecture in the Lake Titicaca Basin to the east. Was obsidian procurement and exchange closely tied to the emerging elite on the shores of Lake Titicaca? Anthropological theory suggests that long-distance social networks and the circulation of non-local commodities are significant components serving the political ambitions of aspiring leaders. This study will provide a perspective on the changing nature of obsidian procurement and demand by focusing on changes in initial processing of the obsidian at the source. This research project will survey 70 km2 at the quarry and in the adjacent river valley, and will conduct limited test excavations at the quarry and at two stratified sites. Prehistoric exploitation of obsidian in the source region will be documented through lithic reduction strategies at and near the high-altitude obsidian source, stratigraphic evidence from test excavations, and settlement pattern data from survey. By examining changes in lithic processing strategies at the obsidian source, as well as shifts in settlement pattern and debitage distributions in the nearby river valley, this project will connect behavior in the lithic procurement area and the residential Colca valley with political changes known to have taken place regionally.The proposed investigation of obsidian production in the Colca area represents a case-study of the relationship between lithic procurement and exchange, and the evolution of social complexity that will be comparable to other regions in the world. A central methodological aim of this research project is the integration of new geographical technology for approaching spatial analysis problems. Throughout the organization, design, acquisition, and analysis phases of the project remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) will have played a central role. This project aims to foster greater scholarly cooperation in the use of these technologies internationally and to educate interested students of both Peruvian and foreign backgrounds about the application of GIS to anthropological research questions. The results of this research will be prepared for publication in refereed journals as well as for dissemination to scholars and to the public through the project website. Additionally, the graduate and undergraduate students involved in the project will gain field and analysis experience through participation in this project.

在Mark Aldenderfer博士的监督下，Nicholas Tripcevich将在秘鲁南部高地的一个大型黑曜石来源附近调查和测试考古遗址。研究表明，8,000多年来，秘鲁的科尔卡山谷是安第斯山脉中南部居民黑曜石的主要来源。在距离源头数百公里外的考古遗址的挖掘中，研究人员在与早期觅食群体到强大的蒂瓦纳库国家的文化相关的遗址中发现了这种化学性质不同的黑曜石材料。这种黑曜石的地质来源是最近才确定的，Tripcevich在黑曜石来源附近的调查将建立在迄今为止已经进行的初步研究的基础上。千年来，黑曜石地区需求的变化将如何影响人们访问该来源的活动？该地区黑曜石消费的社会政治背景发生了重大变化，发生在公元前4,800年和公元500年之间，在东部的喀喀湖盆地出现了社会等级制度和戏剧性的公共建筑。黑曜石的采购和交易是否与的的喀喀湖岸边的新兴精英阶层密切相关？人类学理论表明，远距离的社交网络和非本地商品的流通是服务于有抱负的领导人的政治野心的重要组成部分。这项研究将提供一个角度对黑曜石采购和需求不断变化的性质，重点是在黑曜石的原始加工的变化。该研究项目将在采石场和邻近的河谷调查70平方公里，并将在采石场和两个分层地点进行有限的试掘。将通过高海拔黑曜石来源处和附近的岩屑减少策略、试掘的地层证据和调查的定居模式数据，记录源区黑曜石的史前开采情况。通过研究黑曜石产地的岩石加工策略的变化，以及附近河谷的定居模式和债务分布的变化，该项目将把石采区和科尔卡山谷居民区的行为与已知的区域性政治变化联系起来。提议的对科尔卡地区黑曜石生产的调查代表了一个案例-研究石器采购和交换之间的关系，以及与世界其他地区相媲美的社会复杂性的演变。该研究项目的一个中心方法论目标是整合新的地理技术来处理空间分析问题。在项目的整个组织、设计、获取和分析阶段，遥感和地理信息系统将发挥中心作用。该项目旨在促进在国际上使用这些技术方面的更大的学术合作，并教育秘鲁和外国背景的感兴趣的学生如何将地理信息系统应用于人类学研究问题。这项研究的结果将准备在参考期刊上发表，并通过项目网站向学者和公众传播。此外，参与该项目的研究生和本科生将通过参与该项目获得现场和分析经验。