Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Investigating the Development of Agriculture in the Salta Puna, Northwestern Argentina

在Mark Aldenderfer博士的指导下，Claudia U.Rumold将为她的博士论文收集数据，这篇论文将研究阿根廷西北部高地安第斯山脉的农业采用情况。她将参加位于圣安东尼奥·德洛斯科布雷斯河谷的斋月和马坦西利亚斯2号遗址的考古调查。这些遗址的年代约为公元前5240至2040年，跨越了该地区农业发展的时期，目前的证据表明，它们将提供有关这一过程的数据。这两个地点都有种植、加工或消耗植物(例如，锄头、研磨石、植物遗骸)的证据。值得注意的是，早在斋月的地点在安第斯山脉中南部很少见，可能会为农业采用的第一阶段提供关键的见解。在过去的一万年里，农业独立地出现在世界各地不同环境中的许多社会中。农业经济的广泛采用曾经并将继续产生深远的影响--促进了社会政治复杂性的增加、定居、人口的快速增长、城市化和人类对环境的大规模改造。鉴于农业的关键作用，考古学家希望了解农业的起源和发展--它是如何以及为什么在全球如此成功地传播的。澄清从狩猎采集向耕作转变的根本变数取决于对案例研究的认真比较。阿根廷西北部拥有许多与农业的出现密切相关的变量(例如，当地动植物的驯化、陶器的出现和定居的村庄生活)。因此，拉莫德在这里的研究将提供对比较过程至关重要的新数据。将进行四项分析，以确定有关地点出现农业的特征。磨石和陶瓷的使用磨损分析将阐明植物加工技术的性质和强度。对烧焦的植物遗骸的检查将阐明种子植物的用途。块根和块茎(如土豆)--安第斯山脉史前驯化的最重要的经济作物--通常不会以烧焦的形式保存；因此，将进行淀粉粒分析，以澄清它们的经济作用。由于这项技术对考古学来说是相对较新的技术，拉莫德的研究将有助于扩大其在南美高原地区的经验基础。在理论层面上，有关使用根茎和块茎的数据对于纠正目前农业起源理论中的偏见至关重要，因为农业起源理论主要涉及种子植物。

Under the direction of Dr. Mark Aldenderfer, Claudia U. Rumold will collect data for her doctoral dissertation which will examine the adoption of agriculture in the high Andes of northwestern Argentina. She will participate in the archaeological investigation of two sites, Ramadas and Matansillas 2, located in the San Antonio de los Cobres River Valley. The sites, dating from circa 5240 to 2040 BP, span the period in which agriculture developed in this region and current evidence indicates that they will provide data regarding this process. Both sites contain evidence for the cultivation, processing, or consumption of plants (e.g., hoes, grinding stones, plant remains). Significantly, sites as early as Ramadas are rare in the south-central Andes and may provide key insights into the first stages of agricultural adoption. Within the last ten thousand years, agriculture appeared independently among many societies inhabiting distinct environmental settings around the world. The widespread adoption of an agrarian economy had and continues to have a far-reaching impact - contributing to increasing sociopolitical complexity, sedentarization, rapid population growth, urbanism, and large-scale human transformation of the environment. In view of its pivotal role, archaeologists wish to understand agriculture's origins and development - how and why it diffused so successfully throughout the globe. Clarification of the fundamental variables underlying the shift from hunting-gathering to farming hinges on careful comparison of case studies. Northwestern Argentina possesses many of the variables closely linked with the appearance of agriculture (e.g., the domestication of autochthonous plants and animals and the appearance of pottery and settled village life). Rumold's research here will therefore provide new data critical to the comparative process. Four analyses will be carried out with the aim of characterizing the emergence of farming at the sites in question. Grinding stone and ceramic use-wear analysis will elucidate the nature and intensity of plant processing techniques. Examination of charred plant remains will illuminate the use of seed plants. Roots and tubers (e.g., potato) - the most important economic plants domesticated prehistorically in the Andes - do not often preserve in charred form; therefore, starch grain analysis will be conducted in order to clarify their economic role. As this technique is relatively new to archaeology, Rumold's research will help to expand its empirical base in highland South America. On a theoretical level, data regarding the use of roots and tubers will be essential to correcting the present bias in theories of agricultural origins, which primarily concern seed plants.