Continuation of Ice Crystal Observations at South Pole Station and Collection of Cloud Microphysical Data on Ross Island in Support of ANTCI and RIME

该项目是先前研究的延续，该研究支持了2001年2月和2002年2月在南极站收集100多万个单个冰晶的大小、形状、浓度和散射相位函数。这是第一个由高清数字图像组成的统计大数据集，显示南极冰晶由子弹状的玫瑰花结、萌芽状的玫瑰花结、实心的柱状和钻石粉尘组成。莲座只占冰粒子数量的25%左右，但占粒子质量的70%左右，而钻石尘占粒子数量的30%左右，但只占质量的15%左右。作为该项目的一部分，南极站持续的地面微物理数据收集将通过一个新的系留气球系统（该系统将云粒子成像仪和其他气象仪器提升到2公里的高度）长期（超过24小时）云微物理和辐射数据的垂直剖面来加强。系留气球的数据将提供对南极和罗斯岛云的微物理的第一次深入了解，因为在这两个地点几乎都没有进行过现场云微物理测量。在低纬度地区进行的一些理论和实验研究表明，粒子的大小和形状强烈影响云粒子，特别是冰晶的辐射效应。个人的观测和集体的统计将大大增加有关雪、大气中的冰晶和地表附近的温室气体的排放特性的若干同时进行的实验。这些数据，再加上对云基高度、温度和湿度结构等环境条件的测量，将有助于发展云和云粒子特性的气候学，以及新算法，从而大大改善一般环流模式中辐射过程的表征。

This project is the continuation of a previous study that supported the collection of the size, shape, concentration and scattering phase function of over 1 million individual ice crystals at South Pole Station during February 2001 and 2002. This first statistically large data set of high-definition digital images of antarctic ice crystals showed that these consisted of bullet rosettes, budding rosettes, solid columns, and diamond dust. Rosettes accounted for only about 25% of the number of ice particles, but comprised about 70% of the particle mass, while diamond dust accounted for about 30% of the number of particles, but only about 15% of the mass. As part of this project, the continued ground-based collection of microphysical data at South Pole station will be enhanced by long-duration (greater than 24 hour) vertical profiles of cloud microphysical and radiation data with a new tethered balloon system that lifts a cloud particle imager and other meteorological instrumentation to an altitude of two kilometers. The tethered balloon data will provide the first insights into the microphysics of clouds at South Pole and Ross Island, since there have been virtually no previous in situ cloud microphysical measurements at either location. A number of theoretical and experimental studies at lower latitudes have demonstrated that particle size and shape strongly affect the radiative effects of cloud particles, and specifically ice crystals. The individual observations, as well as the collective statistics will significantly add to several concurrent experiments concerning the emission characteristics of snow, of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and of greenhouse gases near the surface. This data, together with measurements of environmental conditions such as cloud base altitude, temperature, and humidity structure, will allow the development of a climatology of cloud and cloud particle properties, and of new algorithms to substantially improve representations of radiation processes in general circulation models.