Participation in the Ice in Clouds Experiment - Layered Clouds (ICE-L) Field Experiment with the Stratton Park Engineering Company (SPEC) Learjet and Analysis of Data

地球上50%以上的降水来自冰期。由于对冰成核过程了解不足，在模拟降水产生和确定云/降水对地球气候影响的能力方面存在很大的不确定性。云中的冰实验-层云（Ice - l）旨在采用新的机载测量策略，以更好地了解由于非均相成核机制引起的冰的形成。ICE L的实地阶段将使用两架飞机：美国国家科学基金会（NSF）的C-130研究飞机，以及在这项研究的支持下的SPEC Learjet。C-130虽然装备精良，可以进行气溶胶和云微物理测量，但实际升限约为23,000英尺（7公里），有时无法记录波状云的全部垂直范围。Learjet没有这种高度限制，之前已经完成了133次波浪云的穿透，这些研究的结果已经发表。总之，“李尔”号能够仔细地记录下过冷水滴、混合相和云的冰川区域，包括自动分类成习惯的冰粒图像。高分辨率的图像还支持了边缘和侧平面程度的分析。根据Learjet的研究，人们发现初冰的位置是不可预测的，在过冷水迅速蒸发的地方，几乎总是观察到冰的快速产生。如果没有详细的气溶胶测量，就无法解释这种“冰川特征”的成核机制和第一冰的位置，而里尔喷气上没有这些测量数据。对于ICE-L现场活动，首席研究员将在NSF C-130的两架飞机协同研究中操作SPEC Learjet。Learjet配备了一系列全面的微物理仪器，包括一个能够对小冰进行成像的新型成像探针（2D-S）。SPEC还将为C-130提供2D-S探测器，这样两架同时工作的飞机将快速记录整个垂直波云结构，并识别可能从上方落入初级成核区域的冰。这两架飞机将被用于多种协同飞行模式，以实现入流空气的气溶胶特性和云结冰区域的详细微物理测量。快速查看Learjet的数据将在48小时内发布在ICE-L网站上。初步和最终数据集将分别在实地活动结束后的30天和90天内提供给所有ICE-L PI。SPEC的科学家将集中研究C-130气溶胶特性与可能的非均相成核机制之间的关系，重点研究最近在实验室实验中得到证明的一种新的候选“由内向外接触成核”。这项工作的更广泛影响包括重大的社会后果，包括对地球辐射平衡和全球气候变化的强烈潜在影响。此外，该研究将继续通过外展项目为更广泛的影响做出重大贡献，包括向科学界传播信息，为SPEC公司的实习生提供培训和教育支持。

More than 50% of the earth's precipitation originates in the ice phase. Poorly understood ice nucleation processes result in large uncertainties in the ability to model precipitation production and to determine the impact of clouds/precipitation on the Earth's climate. The Ice in Clouds Experiment - Layer Clouds (ICE-L) is aimed at employing new airborne measurement strategies to gain an improved understanding of ice initiation due to heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms. The field phase of the ICE L will utilize two aircraft: The National Science Foundation (NSF) C-130 research aircraft and, under the aegis of this research, the SPEC Learjet. The C-130, while well equipped for both aerosol and cloud microphysics measurements, has a practical ceiling of about 23,000 ft (7 km) msl, which sometimes will not allow the documentation of the full vertical extent of wave clouds. The Learjet, which does not have this altitude limitation, has previously made 133 penetrations of wave clouds and results from these studies are in publication. In summary, the Lear was able to carefully document regions of supercooled water drops, mixed-phase and glaciated regions of cloud, including images of ice particles that were automatically classified into habits. The high-resolution images also supported analysis of the degree of riming and side plane. Based on the Learjet studies, it was found that the location of first ice was not predictable and that rapid ice production was almost always observed where supercooled water rapidly evaporated. The nucleation mechanism of this "glaciation signature" and the location of first ice could not be explained without detailed aerosol measurements, which were not available on the Learjet. For the ICE-L field campaign the Principal Investigator will operate the SPEC Learjet in a coordinated two aircraft study with the NSF C-130. The Learjet is equipped with a comprehensive array of microphysical instruments, including a new imaging probe (the 2D-S) that is capable of imaging small ice. SPEC will also furnish a 2D-S probe for the C-130, so that both aircraft working simultaneously will rapidly document the entire vertical wave cloud structure and identify ice that may fall from above into regions of primary nucleation. The two aircraft will be utilized in a variety of coordinated flight patterns that will allow aerosol characteristics of the inflow air and detailed microphysical measurements in the ice initiation regions of cloud. Quick-look Learjet data will be placed on the ICE-L website within 48 hours. Preliminary and final datasets will be made available to all ICE-L PI's within 30 days and 90 days, respectively, after the close of the field campaign. SPEC scientists will concentrate their research on correlating C-130 aerosol characteristics with possible heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms, focusing on a new candidate, "inside-out contact nucleation", which was recently demonstrated in laboratory experiments. Broader Impacts of the work embrace significant societal consequences, including strong potential influence on the earth radiative balance and global climate change. In addition, the research will continue to contribute significantly to broader impacts through outreach programs, including dissemination of information to the scientific community, training and educational support for student interns at SPEC, Incorporated.