Collaborative Research: Categorical Social Perception and Evaluations: A Research Synthesis

关于刻板印象的研究侧重于感知者根据他们在刻板印象群体中的成员身份来判断他人的方式。社会心理学理论一致认为，有一些重要的变量可以缓和刻板印象对判断的影响。这些调节因素包括分类信息和个性化信息之间的匹配、与相互依赖相关的动机、追求准确性的动机以及认知忙碌。对于这一大堆研究，还没有进行全面的研究综合。我们的主要目标之一是回答与刻板印象相关的过程的广泛问题。我们的一般问题是：哪些理论上相关和方法上相关的变量会缓和刻板印象信息对他人判断的影响？我们的另一个主要目标是批判性地检查这些文献，以理解为什么相关研究揭示了各种不一致的结果。我们的最终目标是指明仍未解决的问题，并为进一步研究刻板印象和偏见提供明确的处方。这些目标的实现将对我们对刻板印象和偏见的科学理解做出重大贡献。为了实现我们的目标，我们将对有关刻板印象和判断的文献进行元分析。符合条件的研究将为确定的主持人进行系统编码。此外，我们将计算一些不同类型的效应大小，以利用现有的数据集以及处理各种不同的理论方法。同样，在追求我们的第三个目标时，我们将使用定量(元分析)和叙事技术来利用这两种方法的优势。全面的研究综合将有益地组织关于陈规定型观念和判断的结果，并促进这一领域的研究。这个项目很可能会对心理学、社会学、教育学、商学和法学等多个学科的研究产生广泛的影响。此外，研究综述将告诉我们对重要社会领域中的刻板印象和偏见的理解，包括学校、工作场所和法庭。

Research on stereotyping has focused on the ways in which perceivers judge others on the basis of their memberships in stereotyped groups. Theories of social psychology agree that there are important variables that moderate the influence of stereotypes on judgments. These moderators include fit between categorical and individuating information, motives related to interdependency, motives for accuracy, and cognitive busyness. Also, some theoretical models have identified the following moderating variables: relative power, subjectivity of evaluative index, ingroup membership of the target vis-a-vis ingroup membership of the evaluator, and type of individuating information. No comprehensive research synthesis has been conducted on this large body of research. Given the variety of theoretical perspectives that have guided this literature and the large number of studies that have been conducted on the topic, such a synthesis will be scientifically valuable and will profitably contribute to future research.There are three broad goals for the research synthesis proposed. One of our primary objectives is to answer broad questions about the processes related to stereotyping. Our general question is: What theoretically-relevant and methodologically-related variables moderate the influence of stereotypical information on the judgments of others? Another of our primary objectives is to critically examine this literature to understand why the relevant studies have revealed a variety of inconsistent results. Our final goal is specify the issues that remain unresolved and to reveal clear prescriptions for further research on stereotyping and prejudice. The accomplishment of these objectives will make a significant contribution to our scientific understanding of stereotyping and prejudice.To accomplish our goals, we will conduct a meta-analysis on the literature focusing on stereotyping and judgments. The eligible studies will be systematically coded for the identified moderators. In addition, we will calculate a number of different types of effect sizes to utilize the available data set as well as to address a variety of different theoretical approaches. Also in pursuing our third objective, we will use both quantitative (meta-analysis) and narrative techniques to take advantage of the strengths of both approaches. The comprehensive research synthesis will usefully organize the findings on stereotyping and judgments as well as invigorate research in this area. It is likely that this project will have a broad impact on research in a variety of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, education, business, and law. Additionally, the research synthesis will inform our understanding of stereotyping and prejudice in important societal realms, including schools, the workplace, and the courtroom.