Astronomical Conversations: Ninth-Century Commentaries on the 'Astronomia' of Martianus Capella

在9世纪的加洛林文艺复兴时期，是什么使天文科学成熟到足以提供持续了350年的概念基础？为什么选择《卡佩拉的天文学》作为阐述的教科书，以追求出现的概念的询问和澄清，无论是语言上的还是图表上的？九世纪的学者在对这篇文章的评论中指出了发展天文学研究的哪些需要？在回答这些问题时，该项目将把对卡佩拉天文学的研究置于加洛林王朝复兴古罗马文献的背景下，以研究文科天文学。然后，该项目将为学者之间的对话提供手稿证据，这些学者对《天文学》文本中的许多观点进行了大量的图形和口头讨论。加洛林时代的学者复兴了罗马帝国有关天文和宇宙学的文献，开启了科学意识的一个新阶段，远远超出了前三个世纪在计时和日历构造方面的重点。对于天文学的研究，在9世纪，只有马查努斯·卡佩拉的作品得到了广泛的注释和评论，尽管其他古代文献提供了相关的材料。这些评论出现在从830年代到本世纪末的一系列手稿中。识别和编辑这些评论中最重要的一篇--《匿名者》，然后研究许多评论之间的相互作用，将展示卡罗来纳人是如何构思天文学的。加洛林时代的成就为以后三百年的天文学教学奠定了基础。这个项目将制作一个在850年前制作的“匿名”评论(附图)版本，并将检查变体和其他评论之间的差异，以及与John Scot Eriugena(约850)和Auxerre的Remigius(约900)出版的评论之间的差异。这些丰富的评论材料使人们能够搜索和发现评论之间的互动。这些互动或对话揭示了九世纪天文学学者及其后续影响的多样性和不断发展的担忧。为了增进对科学的理解，该项目将：(A)准确和充分地为九世纪卡佩拉天文学教科书的知识和观点确立主要证据，(B)确定和编辑“匿名”评注，(C)区分评注中的不同观点，(D)解释产生明显相互作用的对话，以及(E)展示图表在每个点上的意义。该项目将有助于以下研究：(A)研究加洛林文艺复兴时期科学研究的动机，(B)图表在早期科学发展中的重要性，(C)加洛林时期天文学对后来接受希腊-阿拉伯科学的意义。该项目将制作《匿名者》评论的电子版，作为海牙康斯坦蒂恩·惠更斯研究所关于马蒂亚努斯·卡佩拉的一个更大项目的一部分。关于这篇评论和九世纪的其他评论的单独研究将出版。对于教师来说，天文图表将提供学生可以分析的问题陈述和问题解决的图形模型的实际历史范例。

In the Carolingian Renaissance of the ninth century, what brought the science of astronomy to maturity sufficient to provide conceptual foundations that lasted for the next 350 years? Why was the Astronomia of Martianus Capella chosen as the textbook for elaboration in pursuit of the conceptual inquiries and clarifications, both verbal and -diagrammatic, that appeared? What needs did ninth-century scholars identify for the developing study of astronomy in commentaries on this text? In answering these questions, the project will locate the study of Capella's astronomy in the context of the Carolingian revival of ancient Roman texts for studying the liberal art of astronomy. The project will then set forth the manuscript evidence for conversations among the scholars who produced a remarkable body of graphic and verbal discussion of so many points in the text of the Astronomia. The revival of texts on astronomy and cosmology from the Roman Empire by Carolingian scholars initiated a new stage in scientific awareness, advancing well beyond the focus of the previous three centuries upon time-keeping and the construction of calendars. For the study of astronomy, only the work of Martianus Capella received extensive glossing and comments during the ninth century, though other ancient texts offered relevant material. The commentaries appear in a set of manuscripts stretching from the 830s to the end of the century. Identifying and editing the most important of these commentaries, the "Anonymous," then studying the interactions among many commentaries, will show how Carolingians conceived of astronomy. The Carolingian achievement laid the foundation for teaching astronomy for another three hundred years. This project will produce an edition of the "Anonymous" commentary (with diagrams) made before 850 and will examine differences among the variants and other commentaries as well as with the published commentaries of John Scot Eriugena (ca. 850) and Remigius of Auxerre (ca. 900). This wealth of commentary material permits the search for and discovery of interactions among the commentaries. These interactions, or conversations, uncover the variety and developing concerns among ninth-century scholars of astronomy and their subsequent impacts. To advance scientific understanding the project will: (a) establish precisely and fully the primary evidence for ninth-century knowledge and views of Capella's astronomical textbook, (b) identify and edit the "Anonymous" commentary, (c) distinguish different viewpoints among the commentaries, (d) explain the conversations that produced the apparent interactions, and (e) show the significance of diagrams in each of these points. The project will contribute to the following research: (a) a study of the motives for scientific studies in the Carolingian Renaissance, (b) the importance of diagrams in early scientific development, and (c) the significance of Carolingian astronomy for the later reception of Greco-Arabic science. The project will produce an electronic edition of the "Anonymous" commentary as part of a larger project on Martianus Capella at the Constantijn Huygens Institute in The Hague. A separate study of this commentary and others of the ninth century will be published. For teachers the astronomical diagrams will provide actual historical examples of graphic models of problem-statement and problem-solving that students can analyze.