Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes for Academics in Science and Social Science

【摘要】机构：堪萨斯大学（University of kansas） nsf项目：economics spi: Ginther， Donna k标题：科学和社会科学领域学者就业结果的性别差异几项研究发现，女性在科学领域的代表性不足，收入较低，获得终身教职的可能性也低于男性。然而，这些研究并没有解释是什么因素导致了观察到的性别差异。本次研究将利用1973 ~ 2001年博士学位获得者调查（SDR）的数据，对科学、社会科学、工程领域的学者在工资、晋升、减员等方面的性别差异进行经济学解释。本研究有4个具体目标：1)将SDR数据与出版物数据进行匹配；2)检验生产率对结果的影响；3)记录科学和社会科学中有关性别差异的事实；4)运用经济学理论探讨性别差异产生的原因。将SDR数据与出版物数据相匹配有几个优势：它是美国全国具有代表性的博士样本，长期跟踪个人，包含人口统计学特征、教育背景、雇主特征、学术等级、主要工作活动、政府支持、生产率、工资和晋升等详细信息。这项研究将通过在生命、物理、社会科学和工程领域对就业结果中性别差异的经济解释进行单独分析，从而为文献做出贡献。它将探讨自20世纪90年代中期以来，科学领域的性别工资差距是否已经趋同；社会科学领域性别晋升差距的因素；以及女性离开科学领域的时机和原因。它将研究对性别差距的解释，如偏好和生产力的差异，包括垄断和博士科学家供应过剩在内的市场力量，以及歧视。专注于学术劳动力市场，使研究人员能够比在一般人群中更容易地评估性别工资差距的经济解释，如生产率差异或市场力量。其次，这扩大了对性别差异的分析，包括了其他就业结果，如职业晋升和离职，这些结果反过来又可以解释性别工资差异的很大一部分。学术机构和美国国家科学基金会可以利用这项研究的结果来解决物理和社会科学中代表性不足的群体所面临的障碍。

ABSTRACTPROPOSAL NO: 0353703INSTITUTION: University of KansasNSF PROGRAM: ECONOMICSPI: Ginther, Donna KTITLE: Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes for Academics in Science and Social ScienceSeveral studies find that women are underrepresented in the sciences, earn less, and are less likely to be tenured than men. The studies, however, do not explain what factors contribute to the observed gender differences. This research will investigate the economic explanations for gender differences in salary, promotion, and attrition for academics in science, social science, and engineering using data from the 1973 -2001 waves of the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR). This study has 4 specific goals: 1) matching the SDR data with publication data; 2), examine the effect of productivity on outcomes; 3), document the facts concerning gender differences in science and social science; and 4), use economic theory to explore the causes of the observed gender differences. Matching the SDR data with publication data has several advantages: it is a nationally representative sample of doctorates in the U. S. that follows individuals over time and contains detailed information on demographic characteristics, educational background, employer characteristics, academic rank, primary work activity, government support, productivity, salary, and promotion. This research will contribute to the literature by performing separate analyses in the fields of life, physical, and social science and engineering of the economic explanations for gender differences in employment outcomes. It will explore whether the gender salary gap in science has converged since the mid-1990s; factors accounting for the gender promotion gap in the social sciences; and the timing and reasons for women leaving the scientific pipeline. It will examine explanations of the gender gap such as differences in preferences and productivity, market forces including monopsony and the excess supply of doctoral scientists, and discrimination.Focusing on academic labor markets allows researchers to evaluate economic explanations of the gender wage gap such as productivity differences or market forces more easily than in the general population. Second, this expands the analysis of gender differences to include additional employment outcomes such as promotion and attrition from careers that may, in turn, explain a substantial portion of the gender wage differential. Academic institutions and National Science Foundation can use the results of this research to address barriers faced by underrepresented groups in physical and social sciences.