Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes for Academics in Science and Social Science

摘要PROPOSAL NO：0353703 INSTITUTION：堪萨斯大学NSF项目：ECONOMICSPI：Ginther，Donna KTITLE：科学和社会科学学者就业结果的性别差异几项研究发现，女性在科学界的代表性不足，收入较低，而且比男性更不可能获得终身教职。然而，这些研究没有解释是什么因素导致了观察到的性别差异。这项研究将利用1973-2001年博士学位获得者调查(SDR)的数据，对科学、社会科学和工程学学者在薪酬、晋升和自然减员方面的性别差异进行经济学解释。这项研究有4个具体目标：1)将SDR数据与出版数据相匹配；2)检验生产率对结果的影响；3)记录科学和社会科学中有关性别差异的事实；4)使用经济学理论来探索观察到的性别差异的原因。将SDR数据与出版物数据相匹配有几个好处：它是美国具有全国代表性的博士学位样本，跟踪个人一段时间的情况，包含人口统计特征、教育背景、雇主特征、学术级别、主要工作活动、政府支持、生产率、工资和晋升等详细信息。这项研究将通过在生活、物理和社会科学领域进行单独的分析，以及对就业结果中性别差异的经济解释进行分析，为文献做出贡献。它将探讨自1990年代中期以来，科学领域的性别工资差距是否已趋于一致；社会科学领域性别晋升差距的原因；以及妇女离开科学渠道的时机和原因。它将考察性别差异的解释，如偏好和生产率的差异，包括垄断和博士科学家供应过剩的市场力量，以及歧视。关注学术劳动力市场使研究人员能够更容易地评估性别工资差异的经济解释，如生产率差异或市场力量，而不是普通人群。其次，这扩大了对性别差异的分析，将晋升和职业流失等额外的就业结果包括在内，这反过来可能解释了性别工资差异的很大一部分原因。学术机构和国家科学基金会可以利用这项研究的结果来解决代表人数不足的群体在物理和社会科学领域面临的障碍。

ABSTRACTPROPOSAL NO: 0353703INSTITUTION: University of KansasNSF PROGRAM: ECONOMICSPI: Ginther, Donna KTITLE: Gender Differences in Employment Outcomes for Academics in Science and Social ScienceSeveral studies find that women are underrepresented in the sciences, earn less, and are less likely to be tenured than men. The studies, however, do not explain what factors contribute to the observed gender differences. This research will investigate the economic explanations for gender differences in salary, promotion, and attrition for academics in science, social science, and engineering using data from the 1973 -2001 waves of the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR). This study has 4 specific goals: 1) matching the SDR data with publication data; 2), examine the effect of productivity on outcomes; 3), document the facts concerning gender differences in science and social science; and 4), use economic theory to explore the causes of the observed gender differences. Matching the SDR data with publication data has several advantages: it is a nationally representative sample of doctorates in the U. S. that follows individuals over time and contains detailed information on demographic characteristics, educational background, employer characteristics, academic rank, primary work activity, government support, productivity, salary, and promotion. This research will contribute to the literature by performing separate analyses in the fields of life, physical, and social science and engineering of the economic explanations for gender differences in employment outcomes. It will explore whether the gender salary gap in science has converged since the mid-1990s; factors accounting for the gender promotion gap in the social sciences; and the timing and reasons for women leaving the scientific pipeline. It will examine explanations of the gender gap such as differences in preferences and productivity, market forces including monopsony and the excess supply of doctoral scientists, and discrimination.Focusing on academic labor markets allows researchers to evaluate economic explanations of the gender wage gap such as productivity differences or market forces more easily than in the general population. Second, this expands the analysis of gender differences to include additional employment outcomes such as promotion and attrition from careers that may, in turn, explain a substantial portion of the gender wage differential. Academic institutions and National Science Foundation can use the results of this research to address barriers faced by underrepresented groups in physical and social sciences.