NEESR-SG: Seismic Behavior, Analysis and Design of Complex Wall Systems

复杂墙体体系的抗震性能、分析和设计：项目摘要钢筋混凝土结构墙体通常被用作新建和改造工程的主要抗侧向荷载体系。然而，尽管实践工程师严重依赖于墙系统，但最近开发基于性能的设计方法的努力尚未开始解决结构墙。今天，工程师们在使用实用的线性和非线性数值模型模拟墙体反应或预测墙体损伤(例如混凝土裂缝宽度和混凝土剥落)作为工程需求(例如层间位移)的函数时，几乎没有资源可供参考。在NEES倡议之前，实验设备只能在实验室中使用简化的加载条件、加载历史、边界条件和几何形状。此外，实验数据通常包括墙体位移和末端旋转、平均应变测量和一些显示损伤进展的模拟图像。仅有的几个现有试验数据描述了复杂几何形状的墙体或承受双向荷载历史的墙体的反应。这些数据集都不包括用于验证高级模拟工具的高分辨率应变场，也不包括可用于量化破坏的高分辨率数字图像。没有试验研究考虑模拟地基和地基变形的边界条件。本文提出的研究将通过对1)现代设计中使用的配置、2)代表地震荷载的荷载分布、3)考虑土-结构-相互作用效应的墙体体系的试验和分析研究，促进对细长墙抗震性能的理解和模拟工具。UIUC Must-SIM NEES设施的先进实验能力将使这些复杂条件的真实模拟成为可能。作为Must-SIM设施的一部分开发的仪器使高分辨率监测测试样品位移场成为可能，而这些数据是启用拟议的模型开发工作所必需的。这些数据将被用来通过发展纤维壳单元来推进钢筋混凝土结构模拟的最先进水平，这种单元可以用来模拟三维墙的非弹性响应，包括局部破坏机制。使用高分辨率数值模型进行的拟议试验研究和参数研究的结果将用于推动墙体系统设计的最新实践，包括开发适合商业软件使用的弹性和简化非弹性建模技术。此外，实验和模拟数据将被用来开发基于性能的设计工具，这些工具考虑到建模的不确定性，并将工程需求参数和破坏联系起来。BROADER IMPACT结构工程专业认识到，上述确定的限制在基于性能的抗震设计条款的开发和实施方面存在显著差距。为了促进将研究结果转化为实践，已为该项目组建了一个外部咨询小组，成员包括著名的结构工程师和结构工程学会的成员。将开发一个互动网站，向地震工程专业人员、教育工作者和学生传播研究成果，以便实时查看实验测试。除了培训当今的工程师外，研究小组还将利用研究过程和结果，利用NEES设施的远程观测能力以及设计和分析课程中的教育模块来教育未来的工程师。该项目团队将利用其自身的多样性，并在工程学院建立项目，以接触到不同的学生群体。除了这些活动外，该团队还将与威斯康星大学工程学院、UICU和Must-SIM小组合作，通过工程开放日等活动接触K-12学生。

SEISMIC BEHAVIOR, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPLEX WALL SYSTEMS:PROJECT SUMMARYReinforced concrete structural walls are used commonly as the primary lateral-load resisting system fornew and retrofit construction. However, despite the heavy reliance on wall systems by practicingengineers, recent efforts to develop performance-based design methods have not yet begun to addressstructural walls. Today, engineers have few resources to consult regarding the simulation of wall responseusing practical linear and nonlinear numerical models or the prediction of wall damage (e.g., concretecrack width and concrete spalling) as a function of engineering demands (e.g., inter-story drift).In part, the inadequacy of available performance-based design tools for walls is a result of limitations inthe available experimental data. Prior to the NEES initiative, experimental facilities were such that onlysimplified loading conditions, loading histories, boundary conditions, and geometries could be employedin the laboratory. Additionally, instrumentation was such that experimental data typically include walldisplacements and end rotations, average strain measurements and a few analog images showing damageprogression. Only a few existing experimental data characterize the response of walls with complexgeometries or subjected to bi-directional load histories. None of these data sets include high-resolutionstrain fields for use in validating advanced simulation tools, nor do any of these data sets include highresolution digital images that can be used to quantify damage. No experimental investigations considerboundary conditions that simulate soil and foundation deformations.INTELLECTUAL MERITThe research proposed here will advance the understanding of, and simulation tools for, the seismicperformance of slender walls through experimental and analytical investigations of wall systems with 1)configurations used in modern design, 2) load distributions that are representative of earthquake loading,3) and consideration of soil-structure-interaction effects. The advanced experimental capabilities of theUIUC MUST-SIM NEES facility will permit realistic simulation of these complex conditions.Instrumentation developed as part of the MUST-SIM facility makes possible high-resolution monitoringof test specimen displacement fields and such data are necessary to enable the proposed modeldevelopment effort. These data will be used to advance the state-of-the-art for simulation of reinforcedconcrete structures through the development of fiber-shell elements that can be used to simulate theinelastic response, including localized damage mechanisms, of three-dimensional walls. Results of theproposed experimental investigation and parametric studies using the high-resolution numerical modelswill be used to advance the state-of-the-practice for design of wall systems including the development ofelastic and simplified inelastic modeling techniques that are appropriate for use with commercialsoftware. Additionally, experimental and simulation data will be used to develop performance-baseddesign tools that account for modeling uncertainty and link engineering demand parameters and damagestates.BROADER IMPACTThe structural engineering profession recognizes that the limitations identified above represent asignificant gap in the development and implementation of performance-based seismic design provisions.To facilitate the transfer of the research result to practice, an External Advisory Panel has been assembledfor the project that includes prominent structural engineers and members of structural engineeringsocieties. An interactive website will be developed to disseminate research results to earthquakeengineering professionals, educators and students to allow real-time viewing of experimental tests. Inaddition to educating today's engineers, the research team will use the research process and results toeducate future engineers using the tele-observation capabilities at the NEES facility and educationmodules in design and analysis classes. The project team will leverage its own diversity and establishedprograms in the colleges of engineering to reach a diverse student population. In addition to theseactivities, the team will work with college of engineering at UW, UICU and MUST-SIM group to reachK-12 students with activities such as Engineering Open House.