LTER: Human Settlements as Ecosystems: Metropolitan Baltimore from 1797 - 2100: PHASE II

LTER：作为生态系统的人类住区：1797 年至 2100 年的巴尔的摩大都会：第二阶段

• 批准号: 0423476
• 负责人: Steward Pickett
• 金额: $ 492万
• 依托单位: Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Inc.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-03-15 至 2011-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0423476&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: LTER; Human; Settlements; Ecosystems; Metropolitan

The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) was initiated as an LTER project in 1997, designed to understand the controls on urban system structure and function, and how structure and function of the urban ecosystem affect one another. The proposed research will expand the first phase BES work by addressing three fundamental questions: 1) How do the spatial structures of socio-economic, ecological and physical features of an urban area relate to one another and how do they change through time? 2) What are the fluxes of energy, matter, capital and population in the BES system, how do these fluxes relate to one another and how do they change over the long term? 3) How can people develop and use an understanding of the metropolis as an ecological system to improve the quality of their environment and to reduce pollution to downstream air and watersheds? Conceptual frameworks motivating these questions include ecological, hydrologic and social patch dynamics, the human ecosystem framework and the role of exotics in community organization, as well as theories in socio-spatial relationships, resilience, biocomplexity and urban design. Intellectual Contributions. The proposed research builds on data sets ranging from paleoecological, through historic time frames, to simulation of future scenarios. Highlights of proposed new research include: 1) using a $1 billion Baltimore City program to improve sanitary sewer infrastructure as an experimental manipulation, 2) an integrated physical, biological and social analysis of an urban watershed restoration (Watershed 263) project funded by over $1 million in U.S. Forest Service and other sources, 3) continued development of the first urban micrometeorological flux tower for analysis of carbon and water fluxes, and 4) continued development of ideas about the ecology of prestige, where lifestyle groups rather than more traditional metrics such as race, income and education are used to explain variation in urban ecosystem structure and function. Integration of these efforts will be facilitated by continued development and use of a new, high-resolution urban land cover classification system (HERCULES), and by a series of models that operate at different scales for different questions. Broader Impacts. BES research will exploit new, management-relevant environmental interventions, such as the Watershed 263 restoration initiative to explore the role of urban reforestation on stormwater management. Evaluation of improvements to Baltimore City's sewer infrastructure will yield results broadly useful to managers and policy makers and to educators and community groups in the affected water- and sewer-sheds. Modeling of ecosystem services will be a hallmark of the new research, providing information useful and interesting to citizens and decision leaders. New BES education and outreach initiatives will include analyses of how formal and informal approaches to education facilitate the ability of people to think about the city as an ecosystem and development of new modules for the Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model to evaluate the health of urban forests and their effects on energy use and water and air pollution. Education activities will build on successful curriculum development, teacher workshops and interactions with K-12 students, with special attention on reaching under-represented groups. Training outside the classroom will include summer internships and after school programs at community centers and city environmental centers, again including under-represented groups. Novel graduate training will focus on a new collaboration in urban design. Multi-city information transfer will be achieved through cross-site LTER site projects and through an Urban Ecology Collaborative.

巴尔的摩生态系统研究（BES）是在1997年作为一个lter项目启动的，旨在了解城市系统结构和功能的控制，以及城市生态系统的结构和功能如何相互影响。 拟议的研究将通过解决三个基本问题来扩展第一阶段的BES工作：1）城市地区的社会经济，生态和物理特征的空间结构如何相互关系，以及它们如何随着时间而改变？ 2）在BES系统中，能源，物质，资本和人口的通量是什么，这些通量如何相互关系？从长远来看，它们如何改变？ 3）人们如何发展和利用对大都市作为一种生态系统的理解，以改善环境的质量并减少向下游空气和流域减少污染？ 激发这些问题的概念框架包括生态，水文和社会补丁动态，人类生态系统框架以及外来者在社区组织中的作用，以及社会空间关系，韧性，生物复杂性和城市设计中的理论。 智力贡献。 拟议的研究基于从古生态学到历史时期到对未来场景的模拟的数据集。 Highlights of proposed new research include: 1) using a $1 billion Baltimore City program to improve sanitary sewer infrastructure as an experimental manipulation, 2) an integrated physical, biological and social analysis of an urban watershed restoration (Watershed 263) project funded by over $1 million in U.S. Forest Service and other sources, 3) continued development of the first urban micrometeorological flux tower for analysis of carbon and water fluxes, 4）持续发展有关声望生态的思想，在那里生活方式群体而不是种族，收入和教育等更传统的指标来解释城市生态系统结构和功能的差异。 通过持续开发和使用新的高分辨率城市土地覆盖分类系统（Hercules）以及一系列模型以不同的规模运作以解决不同问题的模型，将促进这些努力的整合。 更广泛的影响。 BES研究将利用新的，与管理相关的环境干预措施，例如《分水岭263恢复计划》，以探讨城市重新造林在雨水管理中的作用。评估巴尔的摩市下水道基础设施的改进将对经理和政策制定者以及受影响的水和下水道剥离的教育工作者和社区团体产生广泛有用的结果。 生态系统服务的建模将是新研究的标志，为公民和决策领导者提供了有用和有趣的信息。 新的BES教育和外展计划将包括对教育的正式和非正式方法的分析，以促进人们将城市视为生态系统的能力，并为城市森林效应（UFORE）模型的新模块开发，以评估城市森林的健康及其对能源和水的影响以及其对能源和水的影响。教育活动将基于成功的课程发展，教师讲习班以及与K-12学生的互动，并特别注意与代表性不足的群体有关。 教室外的培训将包括暑期实习和社区中心和城市环境中心的课后课程，包括代表性不足的团体。 新颖的研究生培训将着重于城市设计的新合作。 多城市信息转移将通过跨站点卢特网站项目和城市生态合作实现。