Doctoral Dissertation Research: Middle Holocene Climate and Culture on the South Coast of Peru: Archaeological Investigation of the Pampa Colorada

博士论文研究：秘鲁南海岸全新世中期气候与文化：科罗拉多潘帕草原的考古调查

• 批准号: 0437312
• 负责人: Madonna Moss
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Oregon Eugene
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-07-01 至 2006-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0437312&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Middle; Holocene

Under the supervision of Dr. Madonna L. Moss, Heather E. McInnis will analyze data gathered during her survey and excavations of archaeological sites in the Pampa Colorada region of the southern coastal Andes. The Pampa Colorada is one of the few areas south of Nazca, Peru with archaeological remains dating to the Middle Holocene, a poorly understood time period extending from 7,000 to 4,000 14C years ago. Although paleoclimatic and archaeological research shows that people in this area have coped with climatic fluctuations for thousands of years, we know little about the impact of long-term drought and climatic variations on subsistence, technology, and settlement patterns of coastal Andean societies during this time. McInnis's archaeological fieldwork focused on the recovery of data that will shed light on changes in land and resource use of Archaic coastal Andean foragers, and the impact of climate change on local and regional economies. Her interviews with Peruvian fishermen working in the region provide a baseline for analyses of the impact of short-term climatic events (e.g. El Nino, tsunami, etc.) on resource abundance and availability. Research focusing on how and when people used coastal and terrestrial resources and how these choices affected their settlement is important because it evaluates adaptive strategies that demonstrate the balance between population and resource base. One cannot understand how modern societies living in marginal environments sustain viable economies, technologies, and social institutions in the face of significant climatic changes without identifying local constraints of such processes. This project examines the distribution of 100 previously unrecorded shell midden sites at the Pampa Colorada and assesses the variability of economic and technological practices from 23 of these. Identifying variation over time and across space will help explain the diversity of land and resource use of Archaic populations. Because settlement and subsistence adjustments that took place in the Pampa Colorada during the Archaic Period appear to have led to the development of sedentary fishing communities by the Late Holocene, we can use these data to assess general anthropological models of transitions to sedentism and economic specialization. Analysis of dynamic relationships between settlement and subsistence activities and changing environmental conditions requires a detailed chronological sequence, identification of economic and technological behavioral correlates, and information about local paleoenvironmental conditions. This project focuses on the recovery and analysis of spatial data, material remains from cultural contexts (artifacts, faunal and floral remains), and marine shell and charcoal. In addition to contributing to knowledge of Andean prehistory, investigation of archaeological remains at the Pampa Colorada will have a broader impact by focusing the attention of local, regional, and national programs of conservation and preservation on the Preceramic record of the coast. Furthermore, this study will increase awareness of the relevance of anthropological studies to real-world problems. The project has sponsored several outreach initiatives in local communities including the development of a new museum display highlighting the Preceramic occupation of the region, and the development of a cultural preservation program in the regional school system. The project also provides laboratory internship opportunities for local university undergraduates through affiliation with a Peruvian research facility. Publication of the study results in referred journals (in English and Spanish) will disseminate the results to the scientific community.

在麦当娜·l·莫斯博士的监督下，希瑟·e·麦金尼斯将分析她在安第斯山脉南部沿海潘帕科罗拉多地区考古遗址的调查和挖掘中收集的数据。科罗拉多潘帕草原是秘鲁纳斯卡以南少数有考古遗迹的地区之一，可以追溯到全新世中期，这是一个从7000到4000年前的时期。尽管古气候和考古研究表明，这一地区的人们已经应对了数千年的气候波动，但我们对长期干旱和气候变化对这一时期安第斯沿海社会的生存、技术和定居模式的影响知之甚少。麦金尼斯的考古实地工作重点是恢复数据，这些数据将揭示古代安第斯沿海采集者在土地和资源利用方面的变化，以及气候变化对当地和区域经济的影响。她采访了在该地区工作的秘鲁渔民，为分析短期气候事件（如厄尔尼诺、海啸等）对资源丰富度和可用性的影响提供了基线。关注人们如何以及何时使用沿海和陆地资源以及这些选择如何影响他们的定居的研究很重要，因为它评估了显示人口和资源基础之间平衡的适应战略。人们无法理解生活在边缘环境中的现代社会如何在面对重大气候变化时维持可行的经济、技术和社会制度，而不确定这些过程的当地制约因素。该项目检查了科罗拉多州潘帕草原100个以前未记录的贝壳堆地点的分布，并评估了其中23个地点的经济和技术实践的可变性。确定随时间和空间的变化将有助于解释古代人土地和资源利用的多样性。由于远古时期在科罗拉多大草原发生的定居和生存调整似乎导致了全新世晚期定居渔业社区的发展，我们可以使用这些数据来评估向定居主义和经济专业化过渡的一般人类学模型。分析定居和生存活动与不断变化的环境条件之间的动态关系，需要详细的时间顺序，识别经济和技术行为的相关性，以及有关当地古环境条件的信息。该项目侧重于空间数据的恢复和分析，文化背景下的物质遗迹（人工制品、动物和植物遗迹），以及海洋贝壳和木炭。除了对安第斯史前史的知识有所贡献外，对科罗拉多潘帕草原考古遗迹的调查还将通过将注意力集中在地方、区域和国家的保护和保存海岸史前陶器记录的项目上，产生更广泛的影响。此外，这项研究将提高人们对人类学研究与现实世界问题相关性的认识。该项目在当地社区赞助了几项外展活动，包括开发一个新的博物馆，突出该地区的前陶瓷占领，以及在地区学校系统中开发文化保护项目。该项目还通过与秘鲁研究机构的联系，为当地大学本科生提供实验室实习机会。在参考期刊（英文和西班牙文）上发表研究结果将向科学界传播结果。