The Archaeology of Herring: Reconstructing the Past to Redeem the Future

鲱鱼考古学：重建过去以救赎未来

• 批准号: 1203868
• 负责人: Madonna Moss
• 金额: $ 17.16万
• 依托单位: University of Oregon Eugene
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-15 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1203868&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Archaeology; Herring; Reconstructing; Past; Redeem

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) is a cultural keystone species for many Alaska Natives, and is a critical resource in the marine food web for much of coastal Alaska. The appearance of herring in the spring signals the start of the seasonal round after a long winter. Herring is a key dietary resource during this time, but to some, herring is an economic mainstay throughout the year. Alaska Natives, as well as a range of North Pacific species, depend on abundant and geographically widespread populations of herring. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill devastated Prince William Sound herring populations in the northern Gulf of Alaska (Thorne and Thomas2008). The southern Gulf of Alaska has been impacted by commercial fishing, habitat degradation, and environmental changes over the past century. Bering Sea communities also depend on herring; in the words of Nelson Islander Louise Kanrilak, ?herring are very important to us. When we are out of herring, we are out of food? (Barker 1993:73). The scientific debate over the status of herring has been complicated by the lucrative commercial sac roe fishery that supplies herring eggs for Asian markets. Local and Traditional Knowledge bearers have witnessed the decline of herring (Thornton et al. 2010a) and many argue that herring are being managed in a depleted state. Alaska Native subsistence fishers and egg-collectors are sounding the alarm, while biologists debate whether herring populations are ?endangered,? ?threatened? or ?struggling? (Carls et al. 2009). Herring have already abandoned some spawning locations (ADFG 2011), and several First Nations in British Columbia have been forced to stop harvesting herring and spawn altogether (Speller et al. 2010).This project aims to demonstrate how zooarchaeological and paleo-genetic research can be used to understand the dynamics of ancient fishing and fisheries and produce new knowledge that can advance resource conservation today. It will support the development and refinement of new methods of recovering and studying ancient DNA, and will greatly expand knowledge of the long-term history of Alaska Native use of herring. By encompassing the entire range of Pacific herring across Alaska, it will complement current efforts in British Columbia and integrate the knowledge of social scientists, biologists, and Local and Traditional Knowledge bearers. The health of herring is essential to the entire North Pacific marine ecosystem. Archaeological assemblages from across coastal Alaska constitute an unmatched archive of environmental data. This project aims to develop a more complete understanding of the ancient Alaska Native use of herring to better assess the historical abundance, biogeography, and genetic diversity of herring in the past. This effort aims to improve herring fisheries management to benefit a wide range of stakeholders in the Arctic, subarctic, and beyond. The project will gather samples of herring bones from archaeological sites across coastal Alaska for ancient DNA analysis. Preliminary work has shown that ancient mitochondrial DNA can be extracted from herring bones and is well-preserved. Yang and colleagues are working to extract nuclear DNA, which will facilitate comparisons to genetic results emerging from the study of the DNA of extant herring. In this project, ancient DNA from 150 herring bone samples will be studied to establish phylogenetic and geographic relationships. The age of many of these samples is established, but radiocarbon dates will be obtained for those samples lacking dates.Understanding the temporal context will allow the researchers to identify changes over time. Collaborations between archaeologists, Native communities, biologists, and managers working in BritishColumbia and Washington State will permit region-wide understanding of the ancient use of herring across the North Pacific. The results of the genetic study will be disseminated to six communities in coastal Alaska through a traveling workshop which will leave behind resource materials that can be exhibited and will stimulate further study and engagement in management.

太平洋鲱鱼（Clupea pallasi）是许多阿拉斯加原住民的文化基石物种，也是阿拉斯加沿海大部分地区海洋食物网的重要资源。 鲱鱼在春季的出现标志着漫长的冬季后季节性的开始。 在这段时间里，鲱鱼是一种重要的饮食资源，但对一些人来说，鲱鱼是全年的经济支柱。阿拉斯加原住民以及一系列北太平洋物种，依赖于丰富和地理分布广泛的鲱鱼种群。 1989年，埃克森石油公司的巴尔德斯石油泄漏摧毁了阿拉斯加湾北方的威廉王子湾鲱鱼种群（Thorne and Mumbas 2008）。在过去的世纪，阿拉斯加湾南部受到商业捕鱼、栖息地退化和环境变化的影响。白令海社区也依赖鲱鱼;用纳尔逊岛民路易丝·坎里拉克的话来说，？鲱鱼对我们很重要。 当我们没有鲱鱼的时候，我们就没有食物了？（Barker 1993：73）。关于鲱鱼地位的科学争论，由于为亚洲市场提供鲱鱼卵的利润丰厚的商业性囊鱼卵渔业而变得复杂起来。当地和传统知识的持有者目睹了鲱鱼的衰落（Thornton等人，2010年a），许多人认为鲱鱼是在枯竭状态下被管理的。阿拉斯加土著渔民和鸡蛋收集者发出了警报，而生物学家则在争论鲱鱼的数量是否如此？濒危，？?威胁？还是？挣扎？（Carls等人，2009年）。 鲱鱼已经放弃了一些产卵地点（ADFG 2011），在不列颠哥伦比亚省的几个第一民族已被迫停止收获鲱鱼和产卵完全（Speller等人2010）。该项目旨在展示如何动物考古学和古遗传学研究可以用来了解古代捕鱼和渔业的动态，并产生新的知识，可以促进今天的资源保护。 它将支持开发和完善恢复和研究古代DNA的新方法，并将大大扩展阿拉斯加土著人使用鲱鱼的长期历史的知识。 通过涵盖整个阿拉斯加的太平洋鲱鱼，它将补充不列颠哥伦比亚省目前的努力，并整合社会科学家、生物学家以及地方和传统知识承载者的知识。 鲱鱼的健康对整个北太平洋海洋生态系统至关重要。 来自阿拉斯加沿海的考古组合构成了无与伦比的环境数据档案。 该项目旨在更全面地了解古代阿拉斯加原住民对鲱鱼的使用，以更好地评估鲱鱼的历史丰度、地理分布和遗传多样性。这一努力旨在改善鲱鱼渔业管理，使北极、亚北极及其他地区的广泛利益攸关方受益。该项目将从阿拉斯加沿海的考古遗址收集鲱鱼骨样本，用于古代DNA分析。 初步工作表明，可以从鲱鱼骨中提取古代线粒体DNA，并且保存完好。Yang和他的同事们正在努力提取细胞核DNA，这将有助于与现存鲱鱼DNA研究中出现的遗传结果进行比较。 在这个项目中，将研究来自150个鲱鱼骨样本的古代DNA，以建立系统发育和地理关系。 许多样本的年龄已经确定，但对于那些缺乏日期的样本，将获得放射性碳年代。了解时间背景将使研究人员能够确定随时间的变化。 在不列颠哥伦比亚省和华盛顿州工作的考古学家、土著社区、生物学家和管理人员之间的合作将使整个地区了解北太平洋古代使用鲱鱼的情况。 遗传研究的结果将通过一个巡回讲习班传播到阿拉斯加沿海的六个社区，讲习班将留下可以展出的资源材料，并将刺激进一步的研究和参与管理。